electrophysiology of the cv system Flashcards

1
Q

define atria

A

receiving chambers of the heart

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2
Q

define ventricle

A

discharging chambers of the heart

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3
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located ?

A

between right atrium and ventricle

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4
Q

where is the bicuspid valve located ?

A

between left atrium and ventricle

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5
Q

key word : membrane potential means

A

The difference in charge between the
inside and outside of the cell

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6
Q

key word : polar means

A

Having ‘poles’
Positive (+) and negative (-) sides

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7
Q

key word : depolarisation means

A

Membrane potential going from more
negative to less negative (or positive)
The difference in charge across the
membrane, i.e. the poles, getting smaller

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8
Q

key word : repolarisation means

A

becoming polarised again
positive and negative sides become more different

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9
Q

key word :ion channels means

A

Proteins which act as openings to let
specific ions move through
May be ‘gated’ – Open in response to
certain stimuli

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10
Q

where are autorhythmic cells in the heart located ?

A

sinoatrial node [ SA node ]
Atrioventricular node [ AV node ]

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11
Q

Describe electrical conduction to the AV node

A
  • Internodal pathways connect SA & AV
    nodes
  • Electrical activity spreads rapidly
    to AV node via internodal
    pathways
  • Depolarization spreads more
    slowly across atrial muscle
  • Conduction slows within AV node
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12
Q

why does electrical conduction to AV node occur ?

A
  • Action potentials pass into Bundle of His
    (Wall of the septum between the
    ventricles)
  • Bundle divides into left & right bundle
    branches
  • Fibres continue downward and divide into
    many small Purkinje fibres that spread
    outward among the contractile cells
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13
Q

what is p wave in ECG ?

A

atrial depolarisation

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14
Q

what is QRS complex in ECG ?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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15
Q

what is t wave in ECG ?

A

Indicates ventricular repolarization

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16
Q

what is the PR interval in ECG ?

A

indicates delay in AV node
electrical activity of the atria

17
Q

what is the QT interval in ECG ?

A

electrical activity of the ventricles

18
Q

what are the three mechanism the cardiovascular system is regulated by ?

A

humoral- response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood

neural - stimulation by nerves

hormonal - stimulation received from other hormones

19
Q

what does the motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system do ?

A

innervate smooth muscle , cardiac muscle , internal organs and skin

makes adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities

operates via subconscious control

20
Q

what does the sympatheic fibres in the autonomic nervous system do ?

A

increase heart rate , respiratory rate and inhibits digestion and elimination

21
Q

what does the parasympathetic fibres do in the autonomic nervous system do ?

A

decrease heart and respiratory rate , allow for digestion and discarding of waste

22
Q

what neurotransmitter is involved in the sympathetic fibres ?

A

catecholamines

23
Q

what neurotransmitter is involved in the parasympathetic fibres ?

A

acetylcholine

24
Q

what happens at phase 0 [ depolarisation ] of the heart cardiac myocytes action potential ?

A

action potential from SA node opens fast Na+ channels

large but transient increase in Na+ permeability

Na+ enters

accompanied by dramatic reduction in K+
conductance

prevents K+ efflux and repolarization

25
what happens at phase 1 [ repolarisation ] of the heart cardiac myocytes action potential ?
fast Na+ channels close membrane potential begins to fall reflects partial repolarization
26
what happens at phase 2 [ plateau ] of the heart cardiac myocytes action potential ?
* Despite closure of fast Na+ channels, potential remains positive or near 0 for ~300 msec * Largely due to opening of voltage- gated slow Ca2+ channels * Ca2+ entry is involved in excitation-contraction coupling * Plateau because: * Na+ influx from slow Na+ channel * Slow leakage of K+ out of cell keeps potential from rising 25
27
what happens at phase 3 [ reolarization ] of the heart cardiac myocytes action potential ?
* Intracellular K+ moves down concentration gradient - leaves cell causing it to repolarize * Repolarization facilitated by closure of Ca2+ and slow Na+ channels
28
what happens at phase 4 [ resting membrane potential ] of the heart cardiac myocytes action potential ?
* Cell repolarized and ready for the next stimulus 26
29
how does the AP spread between the cells ?
- gap junctions [ direct transfer of ionic current from one cells to the next ] - cells connected by gap junctions are said to be electrically coupled - flow of ions from cytoplasm to cytoplasm - very fast , fail-safe transmission - almost simultaneous AP generation
30
does skeletal system depend on action potential for neural activity ?
yes
31
does cardiac system depend on action potential for neural activity ?
no
32
what is the resting membrane potential for skeletal system ?
- 85mv
33
what is the resting membrane potential for cardiac system ?
-90mv
34
what is the duration of the action potential of the skeletal system ?
2.5 m sec
35
what is the duration of the action potential of the cardiac system ?
300m sec