function and physiology of genitourinary system

Question 1

what is the name of the process where kidneys filter blood plasma under pressure ?

Answer 1

ultrafiltration

Question 2

what is the name of the process where useful substances are reclaimed ?

Answer 2

selective reabsorption

Question 3

what is kidney function important for ?

Answer 3

removing waste

homeostasis

Question 4

how many nephrons are there per kidney ?

Answer 4

1000000 per kidney

Question 5

where is urea formed ?

Answer 5

from the metabolism of amino acids in the liver

Question 6

what is the chain of the break down of amino acids ?

Answer 6

amino acids ——-> ammonia ———-> urea

Question 7

why is ammonia converted into urea ?

Answer 7

less toxic for excretion

Question 8

what is a waste product of normal muscle turnover ?

Answer 8

creatinine

Question 9

what organ removes creatinine ?

Answer 9

kidney

travels in blood to kidney

Question 10

what does renal failure results in ?

Answer 10

accumulation of creatinine in serum

Question 11

how do you know renal failure may occur ?

Answer 11

levels of creatinine in the blood

Question 12

what does the nephron consist of ?

Answer 12

bowman’s capsule

proximal convoluted tubule

loop of Henle

distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

Question 13

what is the glomerulus ?

Answer 13

is a capillary bed preceded and followed by arterioles

Question 14

what are capillary typically followed by ?

Answer 14

venules

Question 14

what is ultrafiltration ?

Answer 14

particles are filtered mainly according to size

cells and large proteins are too big to fit through so remains in blood

Question 15

what is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Answer 15

the amount of liquid passing from the glomerulus to bowman’s capsule via ultrafiltration

Question 16

what is average GFR per minute ?

Answer 16

100ml per minute

Question 17

what can GFR measure ?

Answer 17

kidney health

Question 18

what is paracellular reabsorption ?

Answer 18

reabsorbed between cells

Question 19

what is transcellular reabsorption ?

Answer 19

reabsorption through cells

Question 20

name 4 types of transport

Answer 20

1. diffusion
   2.osmosis
   3.active transport
   4.cotransport

Question 21

what are the three environments separated by cell membrane when discussing solute movement ?

Answer 21

1. tubular lumen
   2.epithelial cell
2. interstitial fluid

Question 22

what are ATPases ?

Answer 22

active transport using ATP

Question 23

what are cotransporters ?

Answer 23

transporters which move two substances using the energy of one of them

Question 24

what are channel proteins used in ?

Answer 24

facilitate diffusion / osmosis

Question 25

where is the site of maximal reabsorption ?

Answer 25

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 26

how does the loop of Henle maximises reabsorption of water ?

Answer 26

has an ascending and descending limb

has a counter-current system

Question 27

what happens to ions (Na+ and Cl- ) in the ascending limb ?

Answer 27

actively transported

making the surrounding interstitial space hypertonic

Question 28

hypertonic tissue / plasma near the descending limb draws water out by what process ?

Answer 28

osmosis

Question 29

is the distal convoluted tubule permeable or impermeable to water ?

Answer 29

impermeable

Question 30

what ion is reabsorbed in response to parathyroid hormone ?

Answer 30

Ca2+

Question 31

is the collecting duct permeable or impermeable to water ?

Answer 31

impermeable

Question 32

when does the collecting duct reabsorbs water ?

Answer 32

in response to ADH

Question 33

What are the two types of regulation in kidney function ?

Answer 33

control of quantity of substance reabsorbed

control of volume of liquid filtered by glomerulus

Question 34

how much glucose should be in the urine

Answer 34

near 0

all glucose should have been reabsorbed

Question 35

what is the equation to work out the amount excreted ?

Answer 35

Amount excreted = amount filtered - amount reabsorbed

Question 36

if there is too much glucose in the filtrate , what effect does this happen on reabsorption

Answer 36

not all can be reabsorbed

Question 37

what does osmoreceptors detect ?

Answer 37

increase in blood osmolality and trigger release of ADH

Question 38

What is ADH produced by ?

Answer 38

neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus

Question 39

where releases ADH ?

Answer 39

released from posterior pituitary gland

Question 40

what does ADH enable ?

Answer 40

reabsorption of water from the collecting duct

Question 41

does ADH increase or decrease uptake of water ?

Answer 41

increase uptake of water

Question 42

where is aldosterone released from ?

Answer 42

adrenal gland

Question 43

where does aldosterone act on ?

Answer 43

distal convoluted tubule

Question 44

what effect does aldosterone have on sodium and calcium uptake ?

Answer 44

increases uptake by activating Na+ / K+

Question 45

what is renin produced from ?

Answer 45

prorenin

Question 46

what does renin do to blood pressure ?

Answer 46

increases blood pressure

Question 47

what is renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ?

Answer 47

1. Stimulus: Decreased bloodflow through kidneys
2. Renin produced in kidneys (converted from prorenin in the blood)
3. Results in angiotensin I production (from angiotensinogen)
4. Angiotensin I converted to Angiotensin II in lungs (Angiotensin-Converting
   Enzyme – ACE)
5. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure directly (vasoconstriction, sympathetic
   activity, stimulates thirst) and by inducing aldosterone and ADH release (which
   increase blood volume)
6. Increasing blood pressure increases bloodflow

Question 48

what is vitamin D active form and where is it converted ?

Answer 48

calcitrol

kidney

Question 49

where does vitamin D3 get produced ?

Answer 49

in the skin from cholesterol when exposed to uv radiation