function and physiology of genitourinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name of the process where kidneys filter blood plasma under pressure ?

A

ultrafiltration

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2
Q

what is the name of the process where useful substances are reclaimed ?

A

selective reabsorption

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3
Q

what is kidney function important for ?

A

removing waste

homeostasis

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4
Q

how many nephrons are there per kidney ?

A

1000000 per kidney

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5
Q

where is urea formed ?

A

from the metabolism of amino acids in the liver

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6
Q

what is the chain of the break down of amino acids ?

A

amino acids ——-> ammonia ———-> urea

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7
Q

why is ammonia converted into urea ?

A

less toxic for excretion

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8
Q

what is a waste product of normal muscle turnover ?

A

creatinine

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9
Q

what organ removes creatinine ?

A

kidney

travels in blood to kidney

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10
Q

what does renal failure results in ?

A

accumulation of creatinine in serum

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11
Q

how do you know renal failure may occur ?

A

levels of creatinine in the blood

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12
Q

what does the nephron consist of ?

A

bowman’s capsule

proximal convoluted tubule

loop of Henle

distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

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13
Q

what is the glomerulus ?

A

is a capillary bed preceded and followed by arterioles

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14
Q

what are capillary typically followed by ?

A

venules

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14
Q

what is ultrafiltration ?

A

particles are filtered mainly according to size

cells and large proteins are too big to fit through so remains in blood

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15
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

the amount of liquid passing from the glomerulus to bowman’s capsule via ultrafiltration

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16
Q

what is average GFR per minute ?

A

100ml per minute

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17
Q

what can GFR measure ?

A

kidney health

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18
Q

what is paracellular reabsorption ?

A

reabsorbed between cells

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19
Q

what is transcellular reabsorption ?

A

reabsorption through cells

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20
Q

name 4 types of transport

A
  1. diffusion
    2.osmosis
    3.active transport
    4.cotransport
21
Q

what are the three environments separated by cell membrane when discussing solute movement ?

A
  1. tubular lumen
    2.epithelial cell
  2. interstitial fluid
22
Q

what are ATPases ?

A

active transport using ATP

23
Q

what are cotransporters ?

A

transporters which move two substances using the energy of one of them

24
what are channel proteins used in ?
facilitate diffusion / osmosis
25
where is the site of maximal reabsorption ?
proximal convoluted tubule
26
how does the loop of Henle maximises reabsorption of water ?
has an ascending and descending limb has a counter-current system
27
what happens to ions (Na+ and Cl- ) in the ascending limb ?
actively transported making the surrounding interstitial space hypertonic
28
hypertonic tissue / plasma near the descending limb draws water out by what process ?
osmosis
29
is the distal convoluted tubule permeable or impermeable to water ?
impermeable
30
what ion is reabsorbed in response to parathyroid hormone ?
Ca2+
31
is the collecting duct permeable or impermeable to water ?
impermeable
32
when does the collecting duct reabsorbs water ?
in response to ADH
33
What are the two types of regulation in kidney function ?
control of quantity of substance reabsorbed control of volume of liquid filtered by glomerulus
34
how much glucose should be in the urine
near 0 all glucose should have been reabsorbed
35
what is the equation to work out the amount excreted ?
Amount excreted = amount filtered - amount reabsorbed
36
if there is too much glucose in the filtrate , what effect does this happen on reabsorption
not all can be reabsorbed
37
what does osmoreceptors detect ?
increase in blood osmolality and trigger release of ADH
38
What is ADH produced by ?
neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus
39
where releases ADH ?
released from posterior pituitary gland
40
what does ADH enable ?
reabsorption of water from the collecting duct
41
does ADH increase or decrease uptake of water ?
increase uptake of water
42
where is aldosterone released from ?
adrenal gland
43
where does aldosterone act on ?
distal convoluted tubule
44
what effect does aldosterone have on sodium and calcium uptake ?
increases uptake by activating Na+ / K+
45
what is renin produced from ?
prorenin
46
what does renin do to blood pressure ?
increases blood pressure
47
what is renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ?
1. Stimulus: Decreased bloodflow through kidneys 2. Renin produced in kidneys (converted from prorenin in the blood) 3. Results in angiotensin I production (from angiotensinogen) 4. Angiotensin I converted to Angiotensin II in lungs (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme – ACE) 5. Angiotensin II increases blood pressure directly (vasoconstriction, sympathetic activity, stimulates thirst) and by inducing aldosterone and ADH release (which increase blood volume) 6. Increasing blood pressure increases bloodflow
48
what is vitamin D active form and where is it converted ?
calcitrol kidney
49
where does vitamin D3 get produced ?
in the skin from cholesterol when exposed to uv radiation