biological molecules

Question 1

how do monomers join together ?

Answer 1

in a condensation reaction producing water to form larger polymers

Question 2

how do polymers break to form monomers ?

Answer 2

in a hydrolysis reaction removing water to form monomers

Question 3

what is the process of joining monomers together to make polymers ?

Answer 3

addition polymerisation

Question 4

draw glycerol and what is molecular formula?

Answer 4

C3H8O3
See online or lecture slides for this

Question 5

draw a fatty acid

Answer 5

see online or lecture slides for this

Question 6

draw the reaction for joining of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Answer 6

see online or lecture slides for this

Question 7

what does it mean if a fatty acid is saturated?

Answer 7

no double carbon bonds

Question 8

what does it mean if a lipid is amphipathic?

Answer 8

has regions of non polar and polar areas

Question 9

give examples of monosaccharides

Answer 9

glucose , fructose , galactose

Question 10

give examples of disaccharides

Answer 10

maltose , sucrose , lactose

Question 11

gibe examples of polysaccharides

Answer 11

starch , glycogen, cellulose

Question 12

what is the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 12

respiration

storage as glycogen

Combination with proteins or lipids (glycoproteins and glycolipids)
* Hormones
* Cell-cell communications

Incorporation into, or synthesis of, other biological molecules
Functions of carbohydrates

Question 13

describe nucleotides and draw one

Answer 13

Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate
group, a pentose sugar, and a
nitrogenous base.

There are five bases, so five possible
conventional nucleotides.

There are only four in DNA and in RNA;
thymine and uracil play equivalent roles
in DNA and RNA respectively.

Question 14

what is a pyrimidines?

Answer 14

has one carbon-nitrogen ring

Question 15

what is the nucleotide of the bases : adenine , thymine , cytosine , guanine and uracil ?

Answer 15

Base Nucleotide
Adenine Adenosine
Guanine Guanosine
Cytosine Cytidine
Thymine Thymidine
Uracil Uridine

Question 16

what is a purine ?

Answer 16

has two carbon-nitrogen ring

Question 17

what is the nucleotide when the bases are pyrimidine or purines ?

Answer 17

Adenine (Purine) Adenosine
Guanine (Purine) Guanosine
Cytosine (Pyrimidine) Cytidine
Thymine (Pyrimidine) Thymidine
Uracil (Pyrimidine) Uridine

Question 18

draw an amino acid

Answer 18

see lacture slides

Question 19

what bond forms between amino acids to make polymers/ polypeptides ?

Answer 19

peptide bond

Question 20

describe the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 20

Sequence of amino acids
Require chemical reactions to alter
Held together by covalent (peptide) bonds.

Question 21

descibe the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 21

How the polypeptide folds locally (in a single area of the polypeptide)
* Areas will fold into one or the other
* Held together by hydrogen bonding

Mostly alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets

Question 22

describe the tertiarty structure of a protein?

Answer 22

How the entire polypeptide folds up
* The 3D shape of the polypeptide
* Held together by hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces,
hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, and covalent bonds (disulphide
bridges).

• Disulphide bridges consist of covalent bonds between sulphur atoms on
  amino acid R groups.
• Can be (partially) broken by heat
  Protein: Tertiary Structure

Question 23

descibe haemoglobin

Answer 23

Haemoglobin
One protein with:
* Four polypeptides
* Two α subunits
* Two β subunits
* Four haem groups

Question 24

describe quaternary structure of protein?

Answer 24

number of polypeptides
prosthetic groups

Question 25

describe denaturing

Answer 25

• Proteins are mostly held in a shape by intermolecular forces
• Attractions and repulsions within the molecule and with the surroundings
• Heat and pH can break these bonds, causing the folded structure of the protein
  to unravel (denature)
• The shape of a protein is often directly related to its function. It can not work
  when denatured.
• E.g. enzymes: If an enzyme changes shape, its active site is no longer
  complementary to its substrate
  Denaturation