biological molecules Flashcards
how do monomers join together ?
in a condensation reaction producing water to form larger polymers
how do polymers break to form monomers ?
in a hydrolysis reaction removing water to form monomers
what is the process of joining monomers together to make polymers ?
addition polymerisation
draw glycerol and what is molecular formula?
C3H8O3
See online or lecture slides for this
draw a fatty acid
see online or lecture slides for this
draw the reaction for joining of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
see online or lecture slides for this
what does it mean if a fatty acid is saturated?
no double carbon bonds
what does it mean if a lipid is amphipathic?
has regions of non polar and polar areas
give examples of monosaccharides
glucose , fructose , galactose
give examples of disaccharides
maltose , sucrose , lactose
gibe examples of polysaccharides
starch , glycogen, cellulose
what is the functions of carbohydrates?
respiration
storage as glycogen
Combination with proteins or lipids (glycoproteins and glycolipids)
* Hormones
* Cell-cell communications
Incorporation into, or synthesis of, other biological molecules
Functions of carbohydrates
describe nucleotides and draw one
Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate
group, a pentose sugar, and a
nitrogenous base.
There are five bases, so five possible
conventional nucleotides.
There are only four in DNA and in RNA;
thymine and uracil play equivalent roles
in DNA and RNA respectively.
what is a pyrimidines?
has one carbon-nitrogen ring
what is the nucleotide of the bases : adenine , thymine , cytosine , guanine and uracil ?
Base Nucleotide
Adenine Adenosine
Guanine Guanosine
Cytosine Cytidine
Thymine Thymidine
Uracil Uridine
what is a purine ?
has two carbon-nitrogen ring
what is the nucleotide when the bases are pyrimidine or purines ?
Adenine (Purine) Adenosine
Guanine (Purine) Guanosine
Cytosine (Pyrimidine) Cytidine
Thymine (Pyrimidine) Thymidine
Uracil (Pyrimidine) Uridine
draw an amino acid
see lacture slides
what bond forms between amino acids to make polymers/ polypeptides ?
peptide bond
describe the primary structure of a protein?
Sequence of amino acids
Require chemical reactions to alter
Held together by covalent (peptide) bonds.
descibe the secondary structure of a protein?
How the polypeptide folds locally (in a single area of the polypeptide)
* Areas will fold into one or the other
* Held together by hydrogen bonding
Mostly alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets
describe the tertiarty structure of a protein?
How the entire polypeptide folds up
* The 3D shape of the polypeptide
* Held together by hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces,
hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, and covalent bonds (disulphide
bridges).
- Disulphide bridges consist of covalent bonds between sulphur atoms on
amino acid R groups. - Can be (partially) broken by heat
Protein: Tertiary Structure
descibe haemoglobin
Haemoglobin
One protein with:
* Four polypeptides
* Two α subunits
* Two β subunits
* Four haem groups
describe quaternary structure of protein?
number of polypeptides
prosthetic groups
describe denaturing
- Proteins are mostly held in a shape by intermolecular forces
- Attractions and repulsions within the molecule and with the surroundings
- Heat and pH can break these bonds, causing the folded structure of the protein
to unravel (denature) - The shape of a protein is often directly related to its function. It can not work
when denatured. - E.g. enzymes: If an enzyme changes shape, its active site is no longer
complementary to its substrate
Denaturation
