brain function 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how much energy consumption does the adult/ child brain account for ?

A

adult = 20%
child = 50%

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2
Q

how many neurons are in the brain ?

A

100 billion neurons

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3
Q

how many synapses are there ?

A

100 trillion synapses

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4
Q

what are astrocytes ?

A

maintain homeostasis in the brain

provides nutrient , remove ions and neurotransmitters

comprise part of the blood brain barrier

lie between capillaries and neurons

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5
Q

what are microglia ?

A

resident immune cells of CNS

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6
Q

what are oligodendrocytes ?

A

wrap myelin around axons

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7
Q

what are ependymal cells ?

A

lines cavities and ventricles in CNS

can be specialised as secretory epithelium and produce CSF (500 ml per day )

cilia help circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

microscopically the brain has 2 neural elements , what are they called ?

A

neuron cell bodies ( clusters are called nuclei )

nerve fibres ( bundles are called tracts )

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9
Q

where is cerebrum located ?

A

largest and uppermost portion of the brain

greatest are of development

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10
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebrum called ?

A

frontal , parietal , temporal and occiptal

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11
Q

what are the functions of the cerebrum ?

A

consciousness, memory , sensations , emotions , voluntary movements

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12
Q

what separates temporal and frontal lobes ?

A

insula borders ( latin for island )

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13
Q

what are functional areas of the brain ?

A

motor - controls voluntary movement

sensory - allows for conscious recognition of stimuli

association - integration

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14
Q

what is cognition ?

A

refers to ability to think , learn and remember

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15
Q

what are some body changes with aging ?

A

activity level declines

decline in lean body mass

reduction in bone density

impaired dentition and digestive function can reduces nutrient bioavailability

skin changes ( less vit D produced )

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16
Q

what is third common cause of death in uk ?

A

stroke

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17
Q

how many people over 65 years have dementia ?

A

1 in 14

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18
Q

how many people over 80 years old have dementia ?

19
Q

how many people will depression affect over their lifetime ?

20
Q

what is mild cognitive impairment ? ( mci )

A

condition in which people have more memory or over thinking problems than normal for their age

21
Q

if you have MCI are you at more or less risk of dementia ?

22
Q

what is dementia ?

A

decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life

23
Q

what are types of dementia ?

A

Alzheimer’s
vascular
dementia with Lewy bodies
mixed dementia
Parkinson’s
frontotemporal
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
normal pressure hydrocephalus
Huntington’s disease
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

24
Q

what is dementia with Lewy bodies ?

A

memory loss
thinking problems
initial or early symptoms such as sleep disturbance
visual hallucinations
muscle rigidity

25
what is mixed dementia ?
linked to more than one type of dementia
26
what is Parkinson's disease ?
changes in movement changes gradually spread
27
what is frontotemporal dementia ?
changes in personality and behaviour and difficulty with language
28
what is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ?
" Mad cow disease " rapid fatal disorder impairs memory and coordination occurs in cattle and transmitted to people
29
what is normal pressure hydrocephalus ?
difficulty walking , memory loss , inability to control urination
30
what is Huntington's disease ?
single defective gene on chromosome 4
31
what is wernicke-korsakoff syndrome?
serve deficiency of thiamine
32
what is the most common type of dementia ?
Alzheimer's disease
33
what percentage of dementia cases are Alzheimer's disease ?
60-80%
34
who identified Alzheimer's disease ?
Dr. Alois Alzheimer
35
how did Alois Alzheimer discover Alzheimer's disease ?
examined brains of women who died of mental illness found abnormal clumps ( now called amyloid plaques ) and bundle of fibres
36
how does Alzheimer's disease effect the brain ?
nerve cell death tissue loss throughout the brain
37
who has an increased risk factor men or women ?
women
38
what are some characteristics of Alzheimer's disease ?
memory loss difficulty with familiar tasks problems with language poor judgement misplacing things change in mood or behaviour
39
how do you diagnosis Alzheimer's disease ?
there isn't a single test medical evaluation
40
what are benefits to early diagnosis ?
enables people to understand their condition early access to treatment to relieve symptoms legal [ power of attorney / wills / living wills life planning
41
what is a co- morbidities ?
additional chronic conditions
41
what is the treatment for Alzheimer's disease ?
no cure drugs and non drugs treatment to maintain life quality
42