brain function 2

Question 1

how much energy consumption does the adult/ child brain account for ?

Answer 1

adult = 20%
child = 50%

Question 2

how many neurons are in the brain ?

Answer 2

100 billion neurons

Question 3

how many synapses are there ?

Answer 3

100 trillion synapses

Question 4

what are astrocytes ?

Answer 4

maintain homeostasis in the brain

provides nutrient , remove ions and neurotransmitters

comprise part of the blood brain barrier

lie between capillaries and neurons

Question 5

what are microglia ?

Answer 5

resident immune cells of CNS

Question 6

what are oligodendrocytes ?

Answer 6

wrap myelin around axons

Question 7

what are ependymal cells ?

Answer 7

lines cavities and ventricles in CNS

can be specialised as secretory epithelium and produce CSF (500 ml per day )

cilia help circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

Question 8

microscopically the brain has 2 neural elements , what are they called ?

Answer 8

neuron cell bodies ( clusters are called nuclei )

nerve fibres ( bundles are called tracts )

Question 9

where is cerebrum located ?

Answer 9

largest and uppermost portion of the brain

greatest are of development

Question 10

what are the four lobes of the cerebrum called ?

Answer 10

frontal , parietal , temporal and occiptal

Question 11

what are the functions of the cerebrum ?

Answer 11

consciousness, memory , sensations , emotions , voluntary movements

Question 12

what separates temporal and frontal lobes ?

Answer 12

insula borders ( latin for island )

Question 13

what are functional areas of the brain ?

Answer 13

motor - controls voluntary movement

sensory - allows for conscious recognition of stimuli

association - integration

Question 14

what is cognition ?

Answer 14

refers to ability to think , learn and remember

Question 15

what are some body changes with aging ?

Answer 15

activity level declines

decline in lean body mass

reduction in bone density

impaired dentition and digestive function can reduces nutrient bioavailability

skin changes ( less vit D produced )

Question 16

what is third common cause of death in uk ?

Answer 16

stroke

Question 17

how many people over 65 years have dementia ?

Answer 17

1 in 14

Question 18

how many people over 80 years old have dementia ?

Answer 18

1 in 6

Question 19

how many people will depression affect over their lifetime ?

Answer 19

1 in 4

Question 20

what is mild cognitive impairment ? ( mci )

Answer 20

condition in which people have more memory or over thinking problems than normal for their age

Question 21

if you have MCI are you at more or less risk of dementia ?

Answer 21

increased

Question 22

what is dementia ?

Answer 22

decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life

Question 23

what are types of dementia ?

Answer 23

Alzheimer’s
vascular
dementia with Lewy bodies
mixed dementia
Parkinson’s
frontotemporal
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
normal pressure hydrocephalus
Huntington’s disease
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 24

what is dementia with Lewy bodies ?

Answer 24

memory loss
thinking problems
initial or early symptoms such as sleep disturbance
visual hallucinations
muscle rigidity

Question 25

what is mixed dementia ?

Answer 25

linked to more than one type of dementia

Question 26

what is Parkinson’s disease ?

Answer 26

changes in movement
changes gradually spread

Question 27

what is frontotemporal dementia ?

Answer 27

changes in personality and behaviour and difficulty with language

Question 28

what is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ?

Answer 28

” Mad cow disease “
rapid fatal disorder
impairs memory and coordination
occurs in cattle and transmitted to people

Question 29

what is normal pressure hydrocephalus ?

Answer 29

difficulty walking , memory loss , inability to control urination

Question 30

what is Huntington’s disease ?

Answer 30

single defective gene on chromosome 4

Question 31

what is wernicke-korsakoff syndrome?

Answer 31

serve deficiency of thiamine

Question 32

what is the most common type of dementia ?

Answer 32

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 33

what percentage of dementia cases are Alzheimer’s disease ?

Answer 33

60-80%

Question 34

who identified Alzheimer’s disease ?

Answer 34

Dr. Alois Alzheimer

Question 35

how did Alois Alzheimer discover Alzheimer’s disease ?

Answer 35

examined brains of women who died of mental illness

found abnormal clumps ( now called amyloid plaques ) and bundle of fibres

Question 36

how does Alzheimer’s disease effect the brain ?

Answer 36

nerve cell death
tissue loss throughout the brain

Question 37

who has an increased risk factor men or women ?

Answer 37

women

Question 38

what are some characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease ?

Answer 38

memory loss
difficulty with familiar tasks
problems with language
poor judgement
misplacing things
change in mood or behaviour

Question 39

how do you diagnosis Alzheimer’s disease ?

Answer 39

there isn’t a single test

medical evaluation

Question 40

what are benefits to early diagnosis ?

Answer 40

enables people to understand their condition

early access to treatment to relieve symptoms

legal [ power of attorney / wills / living wills

life planning

Question 41

what is a co- morbidities ?

Answer 41

additional chronic conditions

Question 41

what is the treatment for Alzheimer’s disease ?

Answer 41

no cure

drugs and non drugs treatment to maintain life quality