parts of the cell (structure and function)

Question 1

plasma membrane

Answer 1

flexible barrier that separates the external and internal environment

• regulates exchange of materials with environment
• facilitates communication between cells

Question 2

cytoplasm

Answer 2

everything between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

• includes jelly like fluid that fills space between organelles
• provides an aqueous environment for cellular chemical reactions

Question 3

cytoskeleton

Answer 3

shapes, stabilizes, and moves cells and their internal structures

• consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Question 4

microfilaments

Answer 4

aid in cell movement and support cell structure

• made of actin
• form microvilli

Question 5

intermediate filaments

Answer 5

anchor organelles like the nucleus, have great strength

• made of many proteins

Question 6

microtubules

Answer 6

segregate chromosomes during cell division, form cilia to help cells move

• rapidly assemble and break down
• made of tubulin

Question 7

centrosome

Answer 7

important in formation of mitotic spindle during mitosis

• contains short microtubules called centrioles

Question 8

cilia

Answer 8

paddle through surrounding fluid

• found on upper respiratory tract and oviducts
• short bundles of microtubules

Question 9

flagella

Answer 9

whip though surrounding fluid to propel cells

• found on sperm cells
• long bundles of microtubules

Question 10

nucleus

Answer 10

membranous organelle that contains all DNA to make cellular proteins

Question 11

nuclear envelope

Answer 11

two membranes surrounding the nucleus

• contains small holes called nuclear pores that permit exit of mRNA and ribosomes

Question 12

nucleolus

Answer 12

responsible for making ribosomes

Question 13

ribosomes

Answer 13

used in protein synthesis

• made of a large and small part
• translate mRNA into protein

Question 14

rER

Answer 14

synthesizes glycoproteins and secretory proteins

• dotted with ribosomes
• continuous with nuclear membrane

Question 15

sER

Answer 15

synthesizes lipids, fatty acids, and steroids

• stores calcium
• carbohydrate metabolism

Question 16

cisternae

Answer 16

membranous folds in golgi apparatus

Question 17

golgi apparatus

Answer 17

modifies, sorts, finished, and send proteins to their destinations

• has and entry and an exit face

Question 18

lysosomes

Answer 18

break down and recycle important cellular molecules

• pump H+ into the cell to maintain pH 5

Question 19

Tay Sachs Disease

Answer 19

lysosomal storage disorder

• mutations lead to defective lysosomes
• lead to seizures and neurological symptoms that appear few months after birth
• death likely a few years later

Question 20

peroxisomes

Answer 20

oxidize molecules to metabolize fatty acids into energy

• spherical membrane bound sacs with a crystalline core
• detoxifies alcohols
• contains catalase (oxidizes hydrogen peroxide)

Question 21

proteasomes

Answer 21

recycle peptides

• large cytoplasmic machines that break polypeptides into smaller ones
• defects can result in parkinsons and alzheimers

Question 22

mitochondria

Answer 22

perform energy processing reactions

• two membranes (inner and outer)
• inner membrane is folded to form cristae, and bound the mitochondrial matrix

Question 23

aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 23

set of chemical reactions that extracts chemical potential energy from glucose and allows the cell to store it as ATP in the presence of O2

• starts with glycolysis in cytoplasm, end in mitochondrial with ATP synthesis