parts of the cell (structure and function) Flashcards
plasma membrane
flexible barrier that separates the external and internal environment
- regulates exchange of materials with environment
- facilitates communication between cells
cytoplasm
everything between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
- includes jelly like fluid that fills space between organelles
- provides an aqueous environment for cellular chemical reactions
cytoskeleton
shapes, stabilizes, and moves cells and their internal structures
- consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
microfilaments
aid in cell movement and support cell structure
- made of actin
- form microvilli
intermediate filaments
anchor organelles like the nucleus, have great strength
- made of many proteins
microtubules
segregate chromosomes during cell division, form cilia to help cells move
- rapidly assemble and break down
- made of tubulin
centrosome
important in formation of mitotic spindle during mitosis
- contains short microtubules called centrioles
cilia
paddle through surrounding fluid
- found on upper respiratory tract and oviducts
- short bundles of microtubules
flagella
whip though surrounding fluid to propel cells
- found on sperm cells
- long bundles of microtubules
nucleus
membranous organelle that contains all DNA to make cellular proteins
nuclear envelope
two membranes surrounding the nucleus
- contains small holes called nuclear pores that permit exit of mRNA and ribosomes
nucleolus
responsible for making ribosomes
ribosomes
used in protein synthesis
- made of a large and small part
- translate mRNA into protein
rER
synthesizes glycoproteins and secretory proteins
- dotted with ribosomes
- continuous with nuclear membrane
sER
synthesizes lipids, fatty acids, and steroids
- stores calcium
- carbohydrate metabolism
cisternae
membranous folds in golgi apparatus
golgi apparatus
modifies, sorts, finished, and send proteins to their destinations
- has and entry and an exit face
lysosomes
break down and recycle important cellular molecules
- pump H+ into the cell to maintain pH 5
Tay Sachs Disease
lysosomal storage disorder
- mutations lead to defective lysosomes
- lead to seizures and neurological symptoms that appear few months after birth
- death likely a few years later
peroxisomes
oxidize molecules to metabolize fatty acids into energy
- spherical membrane bound sacs with a crystalline core
- detoxifies alcohols
- contains catalase (oxidizes hydrogen peroxide)
proteasomes
recycle peptides
- large cytoplasmic machines that break polypeptides into smaller ones
- defects can result in parkinsons and alzheimers
mitochondria
perform energy processing reactions
- two membranes (inner and outer)
- inner membrane is folded to form cristae, and bound the mitochondrial matrix
aerobic cellular respiration
set of chemical reactions that extracts chemical potential energy from glucose and allows the cell to store it as ATP in the presence of O2
- starts with glycolysis in cytoplasm, end in mitochondrial with ATP synthesis
