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Biol 1190 > lecture 1 > Flashcards

lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomy

A

the study of body structures and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

what is physiology

A

the study of function

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3
Q

serous membranes

A

membranes that surround the viscera

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4
Q

thoracic cavity

A

chest cavity that contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum

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5
Q

6 levels of structural organization in the body (think about the book analogy)

A

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
system
organismal

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6
Q

serous fluid

A

fluid produced by serous membranes that lubricate and protect viscera

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7
Q

pericardial cavity

A

fluid filled space between pericardium that surrounds the heart

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8
Q

muscular system

A

skeletal muscles

moves and heats the body

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9
Q

serous membrane subcategories (heart, lungs, abdominal cavity and its organs)

A

pleura - lungs
pericardium - heart
peritoneum - abdominal cavity

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10
Q

dorsal body cavity contains:

A

Cranial cavity
vertebral cavity

for reverse question, what is the bigger group name for these cavities?

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11
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle that divides the ventral cavities into thoracic and abdominopelvic

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12
Q

nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

sense signals and coordinate electrical responses

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13
Q

6 characteristics of living things

A

metabolize complex chemical substances
respond to stimuli
move
grow
differentiate and develop
reproduce

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14
Q

oblique plane

A

plane that divides your body in any angle not mentioned above

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15
Q

signs

A

changes in the body that can be measured and observed (objective)

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16
Q

peritoneal membrane

A

separates peritoneum and retroperitoneum compartments

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17
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) facts (4)

A

fluid that emits positrons is injected
positrons collide with electrons and produce gamma rays
tissue with high metabolic activity appear red (tumours, abnormally active organs)
looks for high activity places (malignant tumours and such)

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18
Q

cranial cavity

A

a cavity formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

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19
Q

pleural cavity

A

fluid filled space between layers of pleura that surrounds the lungs

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20
Q

organs inside of the two ventral cavities are called:

A

viscera

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21
Q

tissues come together to form:

A

organs (formation)

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22
Q

pelvic cavity

A

a cavity that contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and reproductive organs

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23
Q

digestive system

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, supporting glands

acquires and extracts nutrients and eliminates waste

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24
Q

midline

A

imaginary line that divides your body in EQUAL left and right halves

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25
Q

for organisms to survive, they must maintain the _______ and ________ of body fluid at all times

A

volume, composition

for reverse question, what are these two words referring to?

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26
Q

types of extracellular fluid (3)

A

ECF in blood vessels/cardiovascular system - blood plasma
ECF in lymph vessels - lymph
ECF between cells - interstitial fluid

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27
Q

path of a positive feedback loop with childbirth example

A

stimulus - cervix stretches as baby is ready to go
receptors - nerves in cervix sense dilation
control centre - releases oxytocin (pituitary gland)
effectors - myometrium (uterus muscles) contract to
continue stretching cervix
net response - cervix continues to stretch, increase
stretching causes loop to continue =
more oxytocin
return to homeostasis - cycle is broken when baby is
born and cervix ceases
stretching

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28
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid inside of the cells - also known as cytoplasm

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29
Q

respiratory system

A

lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, diaphragm

exchange gas between the body and the environment, disposes of CO2 waste

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30
Q

abdominolpelvic cavity

A

contains the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

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31
Q

abdominal cavity

A

a cavity that contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of the large intestine

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32
Q

lymphatic system

A

lymph, vessels that carry lymph, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils

filters body fluids and defends the body from invaders

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33
Q

reproductive system

A

gonads, organs, and glands that support copulation and reproduction

produces gametes, enables copulation, and in females, house and nourishes young

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34
Q

supine position

A

laying face up

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35
Q

vertebral cavity

A

a cavity formed by the vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

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36
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood, vessels that carry blood

transport blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body

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37
Q

what imaging technique would be useful for a suspected bone fracture?

A

xray

for reverse, what could an xray be used to find?

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38
Q

disease are:

A

disorders with characteristic signs and symbols linked to a cause

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39
Q

ventral cavity

A

thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity

for reverse question, what is the bigger group name for these cavities?

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40
Q

coronal plane

A

plane that divides your body in anterior and posterior halves

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41
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
neural

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42
Q

abdominopelvic terms/divisions (how are they divided)

A

midclavicular lines create columns

subcostal (above line) and transtubercular (below line) create rows

for reverse question, what do these lines make up

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43
Q

when something about the body is disregulated:

A

disease, illness, move away from homeostasis

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44
Q

peritoneum parts (linings)

A

visceral peritoneum - lines viscera
parietal peritoneum - lines abdominal cavity walls including inferior side of diaphragm

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45
Q

feedback loops - positive and negative

A

positive - rare, enhance initial chance
example - childbirth, oxytocin is release when the cervix is stretched causing myometrium to contract more and more forcefully until baby comes out and cycle is interrupted

negative - common, reverses initial change
example - if heart rate is high, heart pumps less quickly, dilate vessels to decrease pressure

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46
Q

abdominopevlic regions (9)

A

from top to bottom:

right/left hypochondriac regions + epigastric region

R/L lumbar regions + umbilical region

R/L inguinal regions + hypogastric region

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47
Q

what imaging technique could be used to find a kidney tumour?

A

PET, MRI, CT

for reverse, what could these three imaging techniques find?

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48
Q

endocrine system

A

the cells and glands that secrete hormones

senses signals and coordinates chemical responses

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49
Q

x ray facts (5)

A

high energy electromagnetic radiation
cannot pass through bone (appears white)
passes through tissue (appears dark)
can use a contrast medium to visualize organs
good for broken bones

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50
Q

extracellular fluid + cells

A

comes together to form tissue

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51
Q

urinary system

A

kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra

removes nitrogenous waste and maintains pH of the body

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52
Q

paramedian plane / parasagittal plane

A

plane that divides your body in UNEQUAL left and right sides

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53
Q

symtoms

A

changes in body functions that are felt or reported (subjective)

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54
Q

path of a negative feedback loop with blood pressure example

A

stimulus - high BP
receptors - baroreceptors in vessels detect change
control center - nerve impulses
effectors - slow heart contractions, dilate vessles
net response - decreased BP
return to homeostasis - when loop has brought BP to
normal

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55
Q

transverse plane

A

plane that divides your body into superior and inferior halves (do not have to be equal)

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56
Q

homeostasis

A

the dynamic upkeep of a set of internal conditions within set parameters

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57
Q

anatomical position

A

facing forward, palms facing forward

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58
Q

prone position

A

laying face down

59
Q

skeletal system

A

bones, joints, cartilage

protects internal organs and supports body tissues and movement

60
Q

11 human organ systems

A

integumentary
muscular
skeletal
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
cardiovascular
nervous
endocrine
urinary
reproductive

61
Q

Computed tomography (CT scan) facts (4)

A

x rays that are set form multiple angles around a body section
creates a transverse section scan
provided better resolution than xray
looks for internal damage

62
Q

endoscopy (2)

A

cameras sent inside the body to view
looks for functional or structural abnormalities

63
Q

facts about organ systems in general (2)

A

they are a group of related organs with similar functions that work together to preform function

they are interdependent - they cannot function without other organ systems

64
Q

peritoneum subgroups (parietal)

A

peritoneum - contains all abdominal cavity organs
- lining of the abdominal cavity

retroperitoneum - contains kidneys, parts of large intestine, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, parts of the aorta, inferior vena cava
- behind peritoneum

these two compartments are separated by serous membranes

65
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, nails, hair, associated glands

cover and protect the body

66
Q

disorders result from:

A

abnormal body function

for reverse question, abnormal body function leads to?

67
Q

what imaging technique could be used to find a subdural hematoma (bleeding in the brain)?

A

PET, MRI

68
Q

abdominopelvic regions (4)

A

right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant

69
Q

median plane / sagittal plane

A

plane that divides your body along the midline

70
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facts (4)

A

magnets rearrange protons in cellular molecules
create a pattern of ions
can look at soft tissue
good for finding tumours and blood clots

71
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid found outside of cells

72
Q

mediastinum

A

central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs. contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

contains all organs in thoracic cavity EXCEPT the lungs

73
Q

the study of body structures and their relationships to one another

A

what is anatomy

74
Q

the study of function

A

what is physiology

75
Q

membranes that surround the viscera

A

serous membranes

76
Q

chest cavity that contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum

A

thoracic cavity

77
Q

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
system
organismal

A

6 levels of structural organization in the body (think about the book analogy)

78
Q

fluid produced by serous membranes that lubricate and protect viscera

A

serous fluid

79
Q

fluid filled space between pericardium that surrounds the heart

A

pericardial cavity

80
Q

skeletal muscles

moves and heats the body

A

muscular system

81
Q

pleura - lungs
pericardium - heart
peritoneum - abdominal cavity

A

serous membrane subcategories (heart, lungs, abdominal cavity and its organs)

82
Q

Cranial cavity
vertebral cavity

for reverse question, what is the bigger group name for these cavities?

A

dorsal body cavity contains:

83
Q

muscle that divides the ventral cavities into thoracic and abdominopelvic

A

diaphragm

84
Q

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

sense signals and coordinate electrical responses

A

nervous system

85
Q

metabolize complex chemical substances
respond to stimuli
move
grow
differentiate and develop
reproduce

A

6 characteristics of living things

86
Q

plane that divides your body in any angle not mentioned above

A

oblique plane

87
Q

changes in the body that can be measured and observed (objective)

A

signs

88
Q

separates peritoneum and retroperitoneum compartments

A

peritoneal membrane

89
Q

fluid that emits positrons is injected
positrons collide with electrons and produce gamma rays
tissue with high metabolic activity appear red (tumours, abnormally active organs)
looks for high activity places (malignant tumours and such)

A

positron emission tomography (PET) facts (4)

90
Q

a cavity formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

A

cranial cavity

91
Q

fluid filled space between layers of pleura that surrounds the lungs

A

pleural cavity

92
Q

viscera

A

organs inside of the two ventral cavities are called:

93
Q

organs (formation)

A

tissues come together to form:

94
Q

a cavity that contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and reproductive organs

A

pelvic cavity

95
Q

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, supporting glands

acquires and extracts nutrients and eliminates waste

A

digestive system

96
Q

imaginary line that divides your body in EQUAL left and right halves

A

midline

97
Q

volume, composition

for reverse question, what are these two words referring to?

A

for organisms to survive, they must maintain the _______ and ________ of body fluid at all times

98
Q

ECF in blood vessels/cardiovascular system - blood plasma
ECF in lymph vessels - lymph
ECF between cells - interstitial fluid

A

types of extracellular fluid (3)

99
Q

stimulus - cervix stretches as baby is ready to go
receptors - nerves in cervix sense dilation
control centre - releases oxytocin (pituitary gland)
effectors - myometrium (uterus muscles) contract to
continue stretching cervix
net response - cervix continues to stretch, increase
stretching causes loop to continue =
more oxytocin
return to homeostasis - cycle is broken when baby is
born and cervix ceases
stretching

A

path of a positive feedback loop with childbirth example

100
Q

fluid inside of the cells - also known as cytoplasm

A

intracellular fluid

101
Q

lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, diaphragm

exchange gas between the body and the environment, disposes of CO2 waste

A

respiratory system

102
Q

contains the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

A

abdominolpelvic cavity

103
Q

a cavity that contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of the large intestine

A

abdominal cavity

104
Q

lymph, vessels that carry lymph, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils

filters body fluids and defends the body from invaders

A

lymphatic system

105
Q

gonads, organs, and glands that support copulation and reproduction

produces gametes, enables copulation, and in females, house and nourishes young

A

reproductive system

106
Q

laying face up

A

supine position

107
Q

a cavity formed by the vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

A

vertebral cavity

108
Q

heart, blood, vessels that carry blood

transport blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body

A

cardiovascular system

109
Q

xray

for reverse, what could an xray be used to find?

A

what imaging technique would be useful for a suspected bone fracture?

110
Q

disorders with characteristic signs and symbols linked to a cause

A

disease are:

111
Q

thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity

for reverse question, what is the bigger group name for these cavities?

A

ventral cavity

112
Q

plane that divides your body in anterior and posterior halves

A

coronal plane

113
Q

epithelial
connective
muscle
neural

A

types of tissues

114
Q

midclavicular lines create columns

subcostal (above line) and transtubercular (below line) create rows

for reverse question, what do these lines make up

A

abdominopelvic terms/divisions (how are they divided)

115
Q

disease, illness, move away from homeostasis

A

when something about the body is disregulated:

116
Q

visceral peritoneum - lines viscera
parietal peritoneum - lines abdominal cavity walls including inferior side of diaphragm

A

peritoneum parts (linings)

117
Q

positive - rare, enhance initial chance
example - childbirth, oxytocin is release when the cervix is stretched causing myometrium to contract more and more forcefully until baby comes out and cycle is interrupted

negative - common, reverses initial change
example - if heart rate is high, heart pumps less quickly, dilate vessels to decrease pressure

A

feedback loops - positive and negative

118
Q

from top to bottom:

right/left hypochondriac regions + epigastric region

R/L lumbar regions + umbilical region

R/L inguinal regions + hypogastric region

A

abdominopevlic regions (9)

119
Q

PET, MRI, CT

for reverse, what could these three imaging techniques find?

A

what imaging technique could be used to find a kidney tumour?

120
Q

the cells and glands that secrete hormones

senses signals and coordinates chemical responses

A

endocrine system

121
Q

high energy electromagnetic radiation
cannot pass through bone (appears white)
passes through tissue (appears dark)
can use a contrast medium to visualize organs
good for broken bones

A

x ray facts (5)

122
Q

comes together to form tissue

A

extracellular fluid + cells

123
Q

kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra

removes nitrogenous waste and maintains pH of the body

A

urinary system

124
Q

plane that divides your body in UNEQUAL left and right sides

A

paramedian plane / parasagittal plane

125
Q

changes in body functions that are felt or reported (subjective)

A

symtoms

126
Q

stimulus - high BP
receptors - baroreceptors in vessels detect change
control center - nerve impulses
effectors - slow heart contractions, dilate vessles
net response - decreased BP
return to homeostasis - when loop has brought BP to
normal

A

path of a negative feedback loop with blood pressure example

127
Q

plane that divides your body into superior and inferior halves (do not have to be equal)

A

transverse plane

128
Q

the dynamic upkeep of a set of internal conditions within set parameters

A

homeostasis

129
Q

facing forward, palms facing forward

A

anatomical position

130
Q

laying face down

A

prone position

131
Q

bones, joints, cartilage

protects internal organs and supports body tissues and movement

A

skeletal system

132
Q

integumentary
muscular
skeletal
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
cardiovascular
nervous
endocrine
urinary
reproductive

A

11 human organ systems

133
Q

x rays that are set form multiple angles around a body section
creates a transverse section scan
provided better resolution than xray
looks for internal damage

A

Computed tomography (CT scan) facts (4)

134
Q

cameras sent inside the body to view
looks for functional or structural abnormalities

A

endoscopy (2)

135
Q

they are a group of related organs with similar functions that work together to preform function

they are interdependent - they cannot function without other organ systems

A

facts about organ systems in general (2)

136
Q

peritoneum - contains all abdominal cavity organs
- lining of the abdominal cavity

retroperitoneum - contains kidneys, parts of large intestine, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, parts of the aorta, inferior vena cava
- behind peritoneum

these two compartments are separated by serous membranes

A

peritoneum subgroups (parietal)

137
Q

skin, nails, hair, associated glands

cover and protect the body

A

integumentary system

138
Q

abnormal body function

for reverse question, abnormal body function leads to?

A

disorders result from:

139
Q

PET, MRI

A

what imaging technique could be used to find a subdural hematoma (bleeding in the brain)?

140
Q

right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant

A

abdominopelvic regions (4)

141
Q

plane that divides your body along the midline

A

median plane / sagittal plane

142
Q

magnets rearrange protons in cellular molecules
create a pattern of ions
can look at soft tissue
good for finding tumours and blood clots

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facts (4)

143
Q

fluid found outside of cells

A

extracellular fluid

144
Q

central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs. contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

contains all organs in thoracic cavity EXCEPT the lungs

A

mediastinum

Biol 1190 (31 decks)

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