lecture 1 Flashcards
what is anatomy
the study of body structures and their relationships to one another
what is physiology
the study of function
serous membranes
membranes that surround the viscera
thoracic cavity
chest cavity that contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
6 levels of structural organization in the body (think about the book analogy)
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
system
organismal
serous fluid
fluid produced by serous membranes that lubricate and protect viscera
pericardial cavity
fluid filled space between pericardium that surrounds the heart
muscular system
skeletal muscles
moves and heats the body
serous membrane subcategories (heart, lungs, abdominal cavity and its organs)
pleura - lungs
pericardium - heart
peritoneum - abdominal cavity
dorsal body cavity contains:
Cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
for reverse question, what is the bigger group name for these cavities?
diaphragm
muscle that divides the ventral cavities into thoracic and abdominopelvic
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
sense signals and coordinate electrical responses
6 characteristics of living things
metabolize complex chemical substances
respond to stimuli
move
grow
differentiate and develop
reproduce
oblique plane
plane that divides your body in any angle not mentioned above
signs
changes in the body that can be measured and observed (objective)
peritoneal membrane
separates peritoneum and retroperitoneum compartments
positron emission tomography (PET) facts (4)
fluid that emits positrons is injected
positrons collide with electrons and produce gamma rays
tissue with high metabolic activity appear red (tumours, abnormally active organs)
looks for high activity places (malignant tumours and such)
cranial cavity
a cavity formed by cranial bones and contains the brain
pleural cavity
fluid filled space between layers of pleura that surrounds the lungs
organs inside of the two ventral cavities are called:
viscera
tissues come together to form:
organs (formation)
pelvic cavity
a cavity that contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and reproductive organs
digestive system
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, supporting glands
acquires and extracts nutrients and eliminates waste
midline
imaginary line that divides your body in EQUAL left and right halves
for organisms to survive, they must maintain the _______ and ________ of body fluid at all times
volume, composition
for reverse question, what are these two words referring to?
types of extracellular fluid (3)
ECF in blood vessels/cardiovascular system - blood plasma
ECF in lymph vessels - lymph
ECF between cells - interstitial fluid
path of a positive feedback loop with childbirth example
stimulus - cervix stretches as baby is ready to go
receptors - nerves in cervix sense dilation
control centre - releases oxytocin (pituitary gland)
effectors - myometrium (uterus muscles) contract to
continue stretching cervix
net response - cervix continues to stretch, increase
stretching causes loop to continue =
more oxytocin
return to homeostasis - cycle is broken when baby is
born and cervix ceases
stretching
intracellular fluid
fluid inside of the cells - also known as cytoplasm
respiratory system
lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, diaphragm
exchange gas between the body and the environment, disposes of CO2 waste
abdominolpelvic cavity
contains the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
a cavity that contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of the large intestine
lymphatic system
lymph, vessels that carry lymph, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils
filters body fluids and defends the body from invaders
reproductive system
gonads, organs, and glands that support copulation and reproduction
produces gametes, enables copulation, and in females, house and nourishes young
supine position
laying face up
vertebral cavity
a cavity formed by the vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
cardiovascular system
heart, blood, vessels that carry blood
transport blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body
what imaging technique would be useful for a suspected bone fracture?
xray
for reverse, what could an xray be used to find?
disease are:
disorders with characteristic signs and symbols linked to a cause
ventral cavity
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
for reverse question, what is the bigger group name for these cavities?
coronal plane
plane that divides your body in anterior and posterior halves
types of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscle
neural
abdominopelvic terms/divisions (how are they divided)
midclavicular lines create columns
subcostal (above line) and transtubercular (below line) create rows
for reverse question, what do these lines make up
when something about the body is disregulated:
disease, illness, move away from homeostasis
peritoneum parts (linings)
visceral peritoneum - lines viscera
parietal peritoneum - lines abdominal cavity walls including inferior side of diaphragm
feedback loops - positive and negative
positive - rare, enhance initial chance
example - childbirth, oxytocin is release when the cervix is stretched causing myometrium to contract more and more forcefully until baby comes out and cycle is interrupted
negative - common, reverses initial change
example - if heart rate is high, heart pumps less quickly, dilate vessels to decrease pressure
abdominopevlic regions (9)
from top to bottom:
right/left hypochondriac regions + epigastric region
R/L lumbar regions + umbilical region
R/L inguinal regions + hypogastric region
what imaging technique could be used to find a kidney tumour?
PET, MRI, CT
for reverse, what could these three imaging techniques find?
endocrine system
the cells and glands that secrete hormones
senses signals and coordinates chemical responses
x ray facts (5)
high energy electromagnetic radiation
cannot pass through bone (appears white)
passes through tissue (appears dark)
can use a contrast medium to visualize organs
good for broken bones
extracellular fluid + cells
comes together to form tissue
urinary system
kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra
removes nitrogenous waste and maintains pH of the body
paramedian plane / parasagittal plane
plane that divides your body in UNEQUAL left and right sides
symtoms
changes in body functions that are felt or reported (subjective)
path of a negative feedback loop with blood pressure example
stimulus - high BP
receptors - baroreceptors in vessels detect change
control center - nerve impulses
effectors - slow heart contractions, dilate vessles
net response - decreased BP
return to homeostasis - when loop has brought BP to
normal
transverse plane
plane that divides your body into superior and inferior halves (do not have to be equal)
homeostasis
the dynamic upkeep of a set of internal conditions within set parameters
anatomical position
facing forward, palms facing forward
prone position
laying face down
skeletal system
bones, joints, cartilage
protects internal organs and supports body tissues and movement
11 human organ systems
integumentary
muscular
skeletal
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
cardiovascular
nervous
endocrine
urinary
reproductive
Computed tomography (CT scan) facts (4)
x rays that are set form multiple angles around a body section
creates a transverse section scan
provided better resolution than xray
looks for internal damage
endoscopy (2)
cameras sent inside the body to view
looks for functional or structural abnormalities
facts about organ systems in general (2)
they are a group of related organs with similar functions that work together to preform function
they are interdependent - they cannot function without other organ systems
peritoneum subgroups (parietal)
peritoneum - contains all abdominal cavity organs
- lining of the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneum - contains kidneys, parts of large intestine, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, parts of the aorta, inferior vena cava
- behind peritoneum
these two compartments are separated by serous membranes
integumentary system
skin, nails, hair, associated glands
cover and protect the body
disorders result from:
abnormal body function
for reverse question, abnormal body function leads to?
what imaging technique could be used to find a subdural hematoma (bleeding in the brain)?
PET, MRI
abdominopelvic regions (4)
right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant
median plane / sagittal plane
plane that divides your body along the midline
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facts (4)
magnets rearrange protons in cellular molecules
create a pattern of ions
can look at soft tissue
good for finding tumours and blood clots
extracellular fluid
fluid found outside of cells
mediastinum
central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs. contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
contains all organs in thoracic cavity EXCEPT the lungs
the study of body structures and their relationships to one another
what is anatomy
the study of function
what is physiology
membranes that surround the viscera
serous membranes
chest cavity that contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
thoracic cavity
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
system
organismal
6 levels of structural organization in the body (think about the book analogy)
fluid produced by serous membranes that lubricate and protect viscera
serous fluid
fluid filled space between pericardium that surrounds the heart
pericardial cavity
skeletal muscles
moves and heats the body
muscular system
pleura - lungs
pericardium - heart
peritoneum - abdominal cavity
serous membrane subcategories (heart, lungs, abdominal cavity and its organs)
Cranial cavity
vertebral cavity
for reverse question, what is the bigger group name for these cavities?
dorsal body cavity contains:
muscle that divides the ventral cavities into thoracic and abdominopelvic
diaphragm
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
sense signals and coordinate electrical responses
nervous system
metabolize complex chemical substances
respond to stimuli
move
grow
differentiate and develop
reproduce
6 characteristics of living things
plane that divides your body in any angle not mentioned above
oblique plane
changes in the body that can be measured and observed (objective)
signs
separates peritoneum and retroperitoneum compartments
peritoneal membrane
fluid that emits positrons is injected
positrons collide with electrons and produce gamma rays
tissue with high metabolic activity appear red (tumours, abnormally active organs)
looks for high activity places (malignant tumours and such)
positron emission tomography (PET) facts (4)
a cavity formed by cranial bones and contains the brain
cranial cavity
fluid filled space between layers of pleura that surrounds the lungs
pleural cavity
viscera
organs inside of the two ventral cavities are called:
organs (formation)
tissues come together to form:
a cavity that contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, supporting glands
acquires and extracts nutrients and eliminates waste
digestive system
imaginary line that divides your body in EQUAL left and right halves
midline
volume, composition
for reverse question, what are these two words referring to?
for organisms to survive, they must maintain the _______ and ________ of body fluid at all times
ECF in blood vessels/cardiovascular system - blood plasma
ECF in lymph vessels - lymph
ECF between cells - interstitial fluid
types of extracellular fluid (3)
stimulus - cervix stretches as baby is ready to go
receptors - nerves in cervix sense dilation
control centre - releases oxytocin (pituitary gland)
effectors - myometrium (uterus muscles) contract to
continue stretching cervix
net response - cervix continues to stretch, increase
stretching causes loop to continue =
more oxytocin
return to homeostasis - cycle is broken when baby is
born and cervix ceases
stretching
path of a positive feedback loop with childbirth example
fluid inside of the cells - also known as cytoplasm
intracellular fluid
lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, diaphragm
exchange gas between the body and the environment, disposes of CO2 waste
respiratory system
contains the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
abdominolpelvic cavity
a cavity that contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of the large intestine
abdominal cavity
lymph, vessels that carry lymph, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils
filters body fluids and defends the body from invaders
lymphatic system
gonads, organs, and glands that support copulation and reproduction
produces gametes, enables copulation, and in females, house and nourishes young
reproductive system
laying face up
supine position
a cavity formed by the vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
vertebral cavity
heart, blood, vessels that carry blood
transport blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body
cardiovascular system
xray
for reverse, what could an xray be used to find?
what imaging technique would be useful for a suspected bone fracture?
disorders with characteristic signs and symbols linked to a cause
disease are:
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
for reverse question, what is the bigger group name for these cavities?
ventral cavity
plane that divides your body in anterior and posterior halves
coronal plane
epithelial
connective
muscle
neural
types of tissues
midclavicular lines create columns
subcostal (above line) and transtubercular (below line) create rows
for reverse question, what do these lines make up
abdominopelvic terms/divisions (how are they divided)
disease, illness, move away from homeostasis
when something about the body is disregulated:
visceral peritoneum - lines viscera
parietal peritoneum - lines abdominal cavity walls including inferior side of diaphragm
peritoneum parts (linings)
positive - rare, enhance initial chance
example - childbirth, oxytocin is release when the cervix is stretched causing myometrium to contract more and more forcefully until baby comes out and cycle is interrupted
negative - common, reverses initial change
example - if heart rate is high, heart pumps less quickly, dilate vessels to decrease pressure
feedback loops - positive and negative
from top to bottom:
right/left hypochondriac regions + epigastric region
R/L lumbar regions + umbilical region
R/L inguinal regions + hypogastric region
abdominopevlic regions (9)
PET, MRI, CT
for reverse, what could these three imaging techniques find?
what imaging technique could be used to find a kidney tumour?
the cells and glands that secrete hormones
senses signals and coordinates chemical responses
endocrine system
high energy electromagnetic radiation
cannot pass through bone (appears white)
passes through tissue (appears dark)
can use a contrast medium to visualize organs
good for broken bones
x ray facts (5)
comes together to form tissue
extracellular fluid + cells
kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra
removes nitrogenous waste and maintains pH of the body
urinary system
plane that divides your body in UNEQUAL left and right sides
paramedian plane / parasagittal plane
changes in body functions that are felt or reported (subjective)
symtoms
stimulus - high BP
receptors - baroreceptors in vessels detect change
control center - nerve impulses
effectors - slow heart contractions, dilate vessles
net response - decreased BP
return to homeostasis - when loop has brought BP to
normal
path of a negative feedback loop with blood pressure example
plane that divides your body into superior and inferior halves (do not have to be equal)
transverse plane
the dynamic upkeep of a set of internal conditions within set parameters
homeostasis
facing forward, palms facing forward
anatomical position
laying face down
prone position
bones, joints, cartilage
protects internal organs and supports body tissues and movement
skeletal system
integumentary
muscular
skeletal
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
cardiovascular
nervous
endocrine
urinary
reproductive
11 human organ systems
x rays that are set form multiple angles around a body section
creates a transverse section scan
provided better resolution than xray
looks for internal damage
Computed tomography (CT scan) facts (4)
cameras sent inside the body to view
looks for functional or structural abnormalities
endoscopy (2)
they are a group of related organs with similar functions that work together to preform function
they are interdependent - they cannot function without other organ systems
facts about organ systems in general (2)
peritoneum - contains all abdominal cavity organs
- lining of the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneum - contains kidneys, parts of large intestine, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, parts of the aorta, inferior vena cava
- behind peritoneum
these two compartments are separated by serous membranes
peritoneum subgroups (parietal)
skin, nails, hair, associated glands
cover and protect the body
integumentary system
abnormal body function
for reverse question, abnormal body function leads to?
disorders result from:
PET, MRI
what imaging technique could be used to find a subdural hematoma (bleeding in the brain)?
right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant
abdominopelvic regions (4)
plane that divides your body along the midline
median plane / sagittal plane
magnets rearrange protons in cellular molecules
create a pattern of ions
can look at soft tissue
good for finding tumours and blood clots
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) facts (4)
fluid found outside of cells
extracellular fluid
central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs. contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
contains all organs in thoracic cavity EXCEPT the lungs
mediastinum
