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Biol 1190 > lecture 15 > Flashcards

lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

respiration steps (3)

A

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
internal respiration

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2
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

gas exchange between atmosphere and lung tissues

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3
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange between lung tissues and blood

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4
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and body tissues

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5
Q

functions of respiratory system (3)

A

exchange gases
regulate blood pH
permits phonation (vocal sounds)
sense of smell, filters air

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6
Q

oto(rhino)laryngology

A

the study of the respiratory system

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7
Q

why do cells need o2?

A

aerobic cellular respiration (acts as terminal receptor) = ATP

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8
Q

upper respiratory system parts

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, associated structures

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9
Q

lower respiratory system parts

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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10
Q

two zones of respiratory system

A

conducting zone
respiratory zone

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11
Q

conducting zone

A

directs air toward the respiratory zone
filters, warms, humidifies air as it enters the body

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12
Q

respiratory zone

A

site of gas exchange
includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs and ducts

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13
Q

the nose

A

made of bone , cartilage, and CTs
contains nasal cavity and external nares

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14
Q

air enters the nose through;

A

teh external nares

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15
Q

nasal cavity

A

contains paranasal sinuses, nasal conchae, and olfactory epithelium

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16
Q

nasal septum function

A

divide nasal cavity in 2

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17
Q

olfactory epithelium (where, goblet cells? cilia?)

A

located in the nasal cavity
ciliated with no goblet cells

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18
Q

pharynx

A
  • tube of skeletal muscle lined with a mucous membrane
  • starts at internal nares and ends at cricoid cartilage
    3 subdivisions
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19
Q

3 subdivisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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20
Q

nasopharynx (tissue and function)

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi
sweeps mucus into pharynx

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21
Q

oropharynx

A

non keratinized stratified squamous epi
- contains fauces
- passageway for air and food
- contains tonsils

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22
Q

function of the tonsils

A

facilitate immune response

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23
Q

tonsils (3)

A

pharyngeal tonsil
palatine
lingual

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24
Q

laryngopharynx

A

basically the same as oropharynx but lower

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25
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage that forms anterior surface of the larynx
(adams apple)

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26
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of elastic cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing

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27
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

ring of hyaline cartilage that makes up the inferior wall of larynx
- landmark for tracheotomies

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28
Q

true vocal cords

A

aka vocal folds
non keratinized stratified squamous epi
- form elastic ligaments

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29
Q

false vocal cords

A

aka vestibular folds
come together when breath is held

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30
Q

trachea

A

has 16-20 rings of hyaline cartilage to keep it patent (from collapsing)
- lined with ciliated pseudostratified epi

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31
Q

bronchi

A

split off of trachea (left and right bronchus)
- branch into the lungs as narrowing pathways

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32
Q

carina

A

ridge at the branchpoint of the trachea

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33
Q

how do the mucous membranes change throughout the bronchiole tree?
list tissues

A

the tissues get thinner and thinner

ciliated pseudostrat

ciliated simple cuboidal

nonciliated simple cuboidal -

simple squamous - alveolar sacs

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34
Q

pleural membrane

A

two serous membranes (parietal/visceral?)
- pleural cavity - space between
secretes pleural fluid

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35
Q

function of the pleural fluid

A

reduce friction and provides surface tension

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36
Q

inferior portion of the lungs

A

base

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37
Q

superior portion of the lungs

A

apex

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38
Q

mediastinal surfaces (2)

A

hilum
cardiac notch

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39
Q

hilum

A

mediastinal surface
- permits passage of the bronchi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels

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40
Q

cardiac notch

A

mediastinal surface
- provides space for the heart
- decreases left lung relative to right by 10%

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41
Q

fissures

A

divide lungs into lobes

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42
Q

oblique fissure

A

separates inferior and superior lobes

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43
Q

horizontal fissure

A

borders middle lobe and superior lobe on right lung only

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44
Q

lobar bronchi names

A

based on what lobe they branch into

superior lobar bronchus
middle (right only)
inferior

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45
Q

lobar bronchi branch into:

A

segmental bronchi

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46
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

13 in right, 8 in left
- damaged segments can be removed without disturbing others

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47
Q

lobules

A

smaller components of bronchopulmonary segments consisting of:
- branch of terminal bronchi
- arteriole/venule
- lymphatic vessel

all of these are wrapped in elastic CT

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48
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

microscopic bronchial branches
- simple cuboidal epi
- branch into alveolar ducts

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49
Q

alveoli

A

air sacs where pulmonary and external respiration occur

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50
Q

type 1 alveolar cells

A

simple squamous epi
thinness facilitates gas exchange

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51
Q

type 2 alveolar cells

A

nonciliated cuboidal epi at the septa between alveoli
- secrete surfactant that prevents alveolar walls from sticking together

52
Q

respiratory membrane

A

very thin - 0.5 micrometres
liens alveoli and associated capillaries
4 layers

53
Q

layers or respiratory membrane (superficial to deep)

A

alveolar wall - type 1/2 cells + macrophages

epithelial basement membrane
capillary basement membrane
capillary endothelium - contacts blood

54
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

bring deoxy blood from heart to be oxy
- constrict in response to hypoxia
- responsible to ventilation-perfusion coupling

55
Q

ventilation perfusion coupling

A

if ventilation is high in a segment, perfusion will be high as well

this ensures that only healthy lung tissues are maximally used

56
Q

bronchial arteries

A

branch from aorta
deliver oxy blood to muscular tissue of the lungs

57
Q

patency

A

the ability of a passageway to remain unobstructed

58
Q

just before inhalation, pressure inside the lungs is _______ to atmospheric pressure

A

equal

59
Q

gases move from ______ to _____ partial pressure

A

high to low

60
Q

for inhalation to occur, pressure must be ______

A

below atmospheric pressure

61
Q

partial pressure

A

the pressure a gas exerts on its surroundings

62
Q

boyles law

A

states that the pressure inside a container is inversely proportionate to the volume of that container

63
Q

to decrease the pressure in the lungs (to inhale air) we can:

A

increase the volume of the lungs

64
Q

how much does the diaphragm depress?

A

normal inhalation - 1cm

strenuous - up to 10

65
Q

what is responsible for the % of air inhaled? (2)

A

75% - depression of diaphragm
25% - external intercostal muscles

66
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

ensures lung tissue expands during inhalation
- negative pressure within thoracic cavity
- keeps pleural membrane suctioned to thoracic cavity wall, so when the cavity expands, the lungs do too

67
Q

is inhalation active or passive process

A

active

68
Q

is exhalation active or passive process

A

passive

69
Q

active exhalation

A

during vigorous exercise or playing a wind instrument

70
Q

pleural effusion

A

accumulation of pleural fluid in the pleural cavity
- leads to decreased lung volume

71
Q

compliance

A

distensibility of elastic tissues

72
Q

air resistance is determined by:

A

airway diameter
obstruction of airways (like in COPD)

73
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

74
Q

lung volumes

A

a specific measure of air inhaled, exhaled, or stored

75
Q

lung capacity

A

sums of specific lung volumes

76
Q

spirometer

A

used to measure lung volumes

77
Q

carbon is _____X more soluble in water than O2

A

24x
therefore there is more CO2 in blood plasma than O2

78
Q

why is the partial pressure of O2 in alveoli even lower than at rest during exercise?

A

because we are using lots of it, and so we can take in more of it

79
Q

what maximizes oxygenation of blood

A

slow movement of blood through capillaries

80
Q

why do tissue cells constantly produce CO2, and what does it result in

A

as a waste product of aerobic respiration

results in constantly higher partial pressure of CO2 outside capillaries, because CO2 moves from tissues to the blood, down its C gradient

81
Q

factors affecting respiration (4)

A
  • partial pressure gradient of gas
  • surface area over which gas is exchanged
  • diffusion distance
  • solubility of gas / molecular weight
82
Q

how does partial pressure gradients of gas affect respiration?

A

pressure gradient is needed to allow gas to move in and out of the lungs

(eg. at high altitudes, pressure is lower, making the pressure inside and outside the lungs closer. leads to slower respiration - altitude sickness)

83
Q

how does surface area over which gases are exchanged affect respiration?

A

more contact with gases to be exchanges = higher rate of diffusion

(eg. alveolar surface area is massive to allows efficient gas exchange)

84
Q

how does diffusion distance affect respiration

A

shorter distance = more efficient diffusion

(eg. thin alveolar walls = shorter distance for gas to move)

85
Q

how does solubility of gas/molecular weight affect respiration

A

O2 weighs less, but CO2 is more water soluble.

this means you will run out of O2 faster than you will accumulate excess CO2

86
Q

how is O2 transported (percentages)

A

98.5% - hemoglobin
1.5% - dissolved in blood plasma

87
Q

how is the binding and dissociation of O2 to/from hemoglobin summarized (reaction)

A

Hb + O2 –> Hb - O2

88
Q

what affects the saturation of hemoglobin? (6)

A

partial pressure of O2
blood acidity
Partial pressure of CO2
temperature
products of glycolysis
types of hemoglobin

89
Q

how does partial pressure of O2 affect the saturation of hemoglobin?

A

higher the pressure (mmHg), the closer Hemoglobin is to being saturated

between 60-100 mmHg, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated, which is why external respiration is so effective (average atmospheric pressure - 760mmHg)

90
Q

graph drawing for final - what are the x and y axis names?

A

x - partial pressure of O2 (Po2 (mmHg))
y - percent saturation of hemoglobin

91
Q

blood pH graph lines
superior line -
middle line -
inferior line -

which is which?

A

superior line - higher blood pH
mid - normal blood pH
inferior line - low blood pH

92
Q

why might increased percent saturation of hemoglobin be a bad thing?

A

if Hb bind too well to O2 (like in higher pH, low PCo2, or low temp) O2 will be less reversible, and Hb wont let go of it

93
Q

affinity

A

the tendency for a substance to bind another

94
Q

how does affinity for O2 affect saturation of Hb?

A

the affinity of Hb is affected by acidity and PCo2

95
Q

most CO2 is transported as _____ in blood plasma

A

H2CO3

96
Q

blood PCo2 graph lines
superior -
mid -
inferior -

which is which?

remember, low PCo2 = higher pH

A

superior - low PCo2
mid - normal
inferior - High PCo2

97
Q

blood temperature graph lines
superior -
mid -
inferior -

which is which

A

superior - low temp
mid - normal
low - higher temp

98
Q

how does temperature affect affinity for Hb to bind O2?

A

skeletal muscle generates heat, which favours release of o2 to tissues

99
Q

how does temperature affect affinity of Hb for O2

A

skeletal muscle produces heat which heats the blood and favours the release of O2 to tissues

100
Q

how do the products of glycolysis affect the affinity of Hb for O2?

A

one product (BPG) binds Hb and changes it structure, decreasing its affinity

101
Q

how does the type of Hb affect its affinity for O2?

A

fetal Hb (Hb-F) can bind up to 30% more O2 than adult Hb (Hb-A)

102
Q

how is CO2 transported in the body? (%)

A

7% - dissolved in blood plasma as CO2
23% - bound to protein to form carbamino compounds (Hb+CO2 = carbaminohemoglobin)
70% - transported as bicarbonate

103
Q

bicarbonate reaction (carbonic acid dissociation)

A

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ HCO3

104
Q

chloride shift ensures:

A

that erythrocytes maintain electrical balance

105
Q

chloride shift

A

when HCO3 diffuses out of the cell from high to low concentration in plasma, and Cl- ions diffuse into the cell to restore ion homeostasis in RBCs

106
Q

reverse chloride shift ensures:

A

that CO2 can be eliminated at the pulmonary capillaries

107
Q

reverse chloride shift reaction

A

HCO3 + H -> H2CO3 -> H2O + CO2

108
Q

reverse chloride shift

A

turns bicarbonate back into CO2 to be exhaled. as HCO3 decreases, Cl moves out of cells

109
Q

where does the chloride shift happen

A

at systemic capillaries

110
Q

where does teh reverse chloride shift happen

A

at pulmonary capillaries

111
Q

brief overveiw of chloride shift and reverse

A

chloride shift
- at systemic capillaries
- CO2 enters cell from tissues
- CO2 converted to HCO3 in RBCs
- Cl then moves into RBCs to restore homeostasis

reverse chloride shift
- at pulmonary capillaries
- HCO3 converted to CO2 in RBCS
- CO2 leaves cell to alveoli
- Cl leaves the cell to restore homeostasis

112
Q

two main centres of breathing

A

medulla oblongata
pons

113
Q

medullary respiratory group

A

divided into dorsal and ventral respiratory groups
dorsal - quiet normal exhalation/inhalation
ventral - forceful inhalation/exhalation

114
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

controls normal quiet breathing

part of the medullary respiratory group

115
Q

ventral respiratory group

A

part of the medullary group
controlled by dorsal group
- work with Dorsal for inhalation
- control exhalation
- only forceful breathing

116
Q

pontine respiratory group

A

affect normal breathing by influencing the DRG in the medullary group

117
Q

what permits us to control breath?

A

teh cerebral cortex

118
Q

why cant we hold our breath for too long?

A

increased Pco2 and H+ in blood stimulate DRG neurons which force normal breathing to resume

119
Q

how do chemoreceptors influence breathing

A

sense changes in blood chemicals
(Pco2 and H+)
central - near medulla oblongata
peripheral - in aortic/carotid walls

120
Q

hyperventilation is a response to:

A

low blood pH
- when pH is low, Pco2 is likely high
- chemoreceptors signal DRG to breath more

121
Q

hypocapnia

A

when Pco2 is low, chemoreceptors do not send signals to the DRG
- can cause fainting due to hypoxia
- can result from hyperventilation

122
Q

inflation reflex

A

prevents overstretching of lung tissue
- baroreceptors sense stretching and signal the vagus nerve to relax the respiratory muscles

123
Q

other things that affect breathing (5)

A

emotions - both
temperature - lower/stop
pain - both
irritation of airways - increase
increased BP - lower

124
Q

pulmonary perfusion

A

the extent of blood flow to the lungs

125
Q

COPD - name and what it does

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- increased # of goblet cells and mucus secretion
- excess mucus impairs cillary function

126
Q

emphasyma

A

immune destruction of alveolar walls
- leads to decreased surface area and decreased O2 acquisition

Biol 1190 (31 decks)

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