Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biol 1190 > lecture 16 > Flashcards

lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

resistance to damage or disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

susceptibility

A

vulnerability to damage or disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing mircoorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lymphatic system consists of:

A

lymph and lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 main functions of lymphatic system

A

drains excess body fluid
defends the body against disease
transport dietary lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

compared to interstitial fluid and blood, lymph is: (3)

A

richer in dietary lipids
carried in lymph vessels/organs
filtered through lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what mechanism allows fluid to enter lymph vessels but not exit?

A

the endothelial cells overlap, so when fluid is inside, they are pushed shut like valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anchoring filaments

A
  • elastic fibres
  • allows lymphatic capillaries to attach to surrounding tissues
  • can pull endothelial lining open to allow more fluid in
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymph capillaries at small intestine that absorb dietary lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chyle

A

lipid rich lymph from small intestine (lacteals)
- creamy white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

capillaries merge into _____ whihc merge into ______-

A

vessels, trunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

not in all people

drains into subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

left thoracic duct

A

main path for lymph to return to circulation
largest vessel in body
starts at cisterna chyli
drains into subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what % of fluid is returned to circulation

A

15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

primary lymphatic organs

A

organs that are a site of stem cell division and/or immunocompetence development

red bone marrow
thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

secondary lymphatic organs

A

organs where immunocompetent cells perform their defensive functions

spleen
lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do lymphatic tissues lack?

A

external wrapping called a capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

A

MALT
- lymphatic tissues found in lamina propria (basement membrane) of mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

lamina propria

A

basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

aggregated lymphoid follicles location

A

located in the oleum of the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

tonsils names and function

A

pharyngeal -1
palatine -2
lingual -2

filter fluid, protect from invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

red bone marrow

A

primary lymphatic organ
- contains multipotent stem cells taht give rise to cells of blood
- B and T lymphocytes form here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

thymus

A

primary lymphatic organ
- bilobed gland that shrinks with age
- where T lymphocytes become immunocompetent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

thymus lobe parts

A

outer cortex
- contains epi cells that train T cells
inner medulla
- contains mature T cells and epi cells that die and form thymic corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

spleen

A

secondary lymphatic organ
- largest mass of lymphatic tissue
- wrapped by visceral peritonial membrane
- has stroma
- has inner parenchyma that contains white and rep pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

stroma

A

part of the spleen
- filters fluid
- made of dense CT and reticular fibres + fibroblasts
- provides passage for blood vessels into spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

inner parenchyma

A

contains white and red pulp in the spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

white pulp

A

contained in the inner parenchyma of the spleen
- contains lymphocytes and macrophages
- surveils blood and defends
- clustered around splenic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

red pulp

A

contained in the inner parenchyma of the spleen
- contains RBCs, macrophages, lymphocytes, immune cells
- removes worn out cells
- stores platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

lymph nodes

A

bean shaped organs
- capsule made of dense CT, part of organ stroma, forms trabeculae
- has parenchyma that includes both cortexes and medulla
- outer / inner cortex
- innermost medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

outer cortex of lymph nodes

A

contains lymph nodules
- clusters of B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

inner cortex of lymph nodes
- no lymphoid nodules
- site of T cell activity

A

medulla of lymph nodes
- reticular fibre matrix
- contains activated B cells (plasma cells) + macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

lymph flow INTO nodes is:

A

afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

lymph flow OUT OF nodes is:

A

efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

innate immunity

A

non specific
- fast defences
- found in all animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

adaptive immunity

A

specific defences
- must be activated
- only found in vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

subdivisions of innate immunity

A

external and internal defences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

external defences of innate immunity are the:

A

first line of defence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

examples of external defences (6)

A

epidermis
sebum
sweat
mucous membranes
tears
other body secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

epidermis as an external defence

A

keratinized stratifies squamous epi
- physical barier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

sebum as an external defence

A

keeps the skin acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

sweat as an external defence

A

keeps skin salty, restricting some organisms from colonizing the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

mucous membranes as an external defence

A

covered in mucus that trap invaders
- cilia sweep mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

tears as an external defence

A

contain lysozyme, a protein that disrupts bacterial membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

other secretions of the body as an external defence

A

urine, vaginal secretions, gastric juices, defecation, vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

internal defences of innate immunity are the:

A

second line of defence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

examples of internal defences (5)

A

antimicrobial substances
natural killer cells
phagocytes
fever
inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

antimicrobial substances as an internal defence
(4 substances)

A

interferons
complement proteins
iron binding proteins
antimicrobial proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

interferons as an antimicrobial substance and internal defence

A

proteins made by virally infected body cells that produce antiviral responses in other body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

complement proteins as an antimicrobial substance and internal defence

A

proteins that enhance phagocytosis and stimulate lysis of invaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

iron binding proteins as an antimicrobial substance and internal defence

A

starve microbes of iron found in body tissues (transferrin and ferritin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

antimicrobial proteins as an antimicrobial substance and internal defence

A

stimulate leukocyte activity, stimulate lysis of invaders

54
Q

natural killer cells as an internal defence

A

5-10% of leukocytes in blood/lymph
- attack any cells with foreign antigens
- secrete perforins and granzymes

55
Q

perforins

A

proteins that poke holes in cell membranes of attackers, cause cell lysis

secreted by NKCs and CTLs

56
Q

granzymes

A

proteins that induce apoptosis

secreted by NKCs and CTLs

57
Q

phagocytes as an internal defence

A

cells that engulf other cells or large particles to destroy them

  • neutrophils - first responders
  • macrophages - differential from monocytes, arrive late
58
Q

steps of phagocytosis (5)

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. adherence (binds to invader)
  3. ingestion (wraps around invader using psuedopods)
  4. digestion (vesicle fuses lysosome)
  5. killing (formation of residual bodies)
59
Q

psuedopods

A

cytoplasmic extensions during phagocytosis
- forms a special vesicle called a phagosome

60
Q

phagolysosome

A

during digestion of phagocytosis
- when a phagosome and lysosome fuse

61
Q

residual bodies

A

indigestible molecules from destroyed invaders during phagocytosis

62
Q

inflammation as an internal defence

A

immune response to tissue damage
- nonspecific
- 6 steps

63
Q

6 steps of inflammation

A

histamine release
rolling
emigration
chemotaxis
tissue disinfection
tissue healing

64
Q

what is the effect of histamine

A

calls leukocytes to damage site
- vasodilation
- increases vascular permiability

65
Q

kinins

A

proteins that promote vasodilation and increase vascular permiaility
- part of tissue healing

66
Q

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

A

eicosanoid lipids that enhance chemotaxis

67
Q

inflammation signs and symptoms (PRISH)

A

pain, redness, immobility, swelling, heat

68
Q

fever as an internal response

A

unusually high body temps
- product of changes in hypothalamus

69
Q

how does a fever defend the body from invasion?

A

creates a non optimal temperature for pathogens
- faster chemical reactions
- faster rate of tissue repair

70
Q

primary defences from adaptive immunity

A

lymphocytes

71
Q

how to lymphocytes defend the body?

A

each B and T cell expresses antigen receptors
- these allow lymphocytes to recognize unique shapes of antigens

72
Q

subdivisions of T cells

A

helper T lymphocytes
cytotoxic T lymphocytes

73
Q

antigens

A

any molecule that evokes an immune response

74
Q

helper T lymphocytes (HTLs) express:

A

CD4 - cluster of differentiation 4

75
Q

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) express:

A

CD8

76
Q

what does the CD protein do?

A

helps us identify and distinguish lymphocytes
- functions as a co receptors during immune signaling

77
Q

MHC (definition and classes)

A

major histocompatibility complex

MHC-I
- antigen found in all body cells except RBCs

MHC-II
- found only on antigen presenting cells

78
Q

two arms of adaptive immunity

A

cell mediated immunity
antibody mediated immunity (aka humoral immunity)

79
Q

loose function of cell mediated immunity

A

guards against intracellular pathogens like viruses

these are pathogens already in the tissues

80
Q

loose function of antibody mediated immunity

A

guards against extracellular pathogens like bacteria

these are pathogens circulating in body fluids

81
Q

how is a lymphocyte activated in both cell mediated and antigen mediated immunity?

A

antigen on an invader binds antigen receptor on a lymphocyte, activating it

82
Q

clonal selection

A

a process in which activated lymphocytes undergo
- can produce effector cells or memory cells
- both of these will express the sam antigen receptors as the first activated lymphocyte

83
Q

effector cells

A

a product of clonal selection once a lymphocyte has been activated
- carry out lymphocytes defence roles
- short lived

84
Q

memory cells

A

product of clonal selection once a lymphocyte has been activated
- look for exact same antigen that triggered the clonal selection response
- longer lived
- do not actively attack

85
Q

cell mediated immunity comes into play when:

A

when a cell is infected

86
Q

in cell mediated immunity, what must infected cells do?

A

process and present antigens to lymphocytes

87
Q

exogenous antigens

A

foreign molecules circulating in fluids (bacteria, worms, pollen)

88
Q

how do infected cells present exogenous antigens? (5 steps)

A
  1. antigen presenting cell ingests antigen
  2. antigen digested into smaller parts
  3. cell makes MHC-II antigen and exports it to the cell surface
  4. foreign antigen and MHC-II fuse
  5. MHC-II + foreign antigen complex is inserted into the membrane to present
89
Q

which body cells are antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

90
Q

endogenous antigens

A

foreign antigens that are found inside of body cells
(viruses, toxins)

91
Q

how do infected cells produce endogenous antigens (4 steps)

A
  1. antigen digestion
  2. APC makes MHC-I
  3. MHC-I binds antigen
  4. MHC-I + antigen complex is inserted into the membrane
92
Q

how do Cytotoxic lymphocytes activate?

A

by binding the foreign antigen being displayed by the APC

the T cell then requires costimulation

93
Q

costimulation

A

a second signal required to fully activate CTLs, secreted by helper T cells (cytokines)

94
Q

cytokines

A

protein that stimulates division and differentiation
- in this case, in T cells
- secreted by Helper T cells

95
Q

clonal selection of CTLs

A

effector cells
- active CD8+ T cells
- secrete perforins and granzymes

memory cells
- memory CTLs

96
Q

how are Helper T cells (HTLs) activated? (3)

A
  1. HTLs bind exogenous antigen MHC-II complex displayed by an APC
  2. costimulation completes HTL activation
  3. undergoes clonal selection which produced active HTLs and memory HTLs
97
Q

role of active helper T lymphocytes

A
  • stimulate other lymphocytes by producing cytokines to costimulate CTLs
  • activate B cells to stimulate antibody mediated immunity
98
Q

summary of cell mediated immunity (

A

mediated by T lymphocytes
- CTLs recognize endogenous antigens bound to MHC-I
- produces active CTLs and memory CTLS
-

99
Q

what mediates cell mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

100
Q

cytoxic T lymphocytes develop from:

A

CD8+ cells

101
Q

what do CTLs recognize to become active

A

endogenous antigens bound to MHC-I on APCs

102
Q

APCs

A

antigen presenting cells

103
Q

all cells that undergo clonal selection differentiate into

A

active attackers or memory cells

104
Q

helper T cells develop from:

A

CD4+ cells

105
Q

what do helper T lymphocytes recognize to become active

A

exogenous antigen bound to MHC-II on APCs

106
Q

steps of lymphocyte activation (general, no specific names)

A
  1. cell is inactive
  2. cell meets antigen on an APC (can be endo/exogenous, and attached to MHC-I/II respectively)
  3. cell is active
  4. cell undergoes costimulation which makes them effectors or memory cells
107
Q

antibody mediated immunity is mediated by;

A

B cells

108
Q

antibody mediated immunity is when:

A

exogenous antigens are bound by B cell receptors

109
Q

4 steps of B cell activation

A
  1. antigen is imported into B cells (endocytosis). antigen will be processed and displayed by MHC-II
  2. present antigen to HTLs
  3. HTLs now activated, release cytokines to costimulate B cells
  4. B cells undergo clonal selection
    and produce effectors (plasma cells) or memory cells
110
Q

effectors of B cells

A

plasma cells
- produce 2000 antibodies per second

111
Q

antibodies

A

proteins part of teh immunoglobulin family
- 2 binding sites per
- recognizes specific protein shapes (epitopes)

112
Q

epitopes

A

specific protein shapes

113
Q

antibodies functions (3)

A

neutralize, agglutinate, precipitate antigens
- activate complement
- both of these lead to more efficient phagocytosis of invaders

114
Q

neutralization of antigens

A

blocks binding sites, coats it

115
Q

agglutination of antigens

A

clumps them up making them ineffective

116
Q

what permits immunological memory

A

adaptive immunity

117
Q

what cells help us remember past infections

A

memory cells

118
Q

primary immune response

A

induced by first antigen exposure
- activation of HTLs that costimulate B cells
- phagocytes produce antibodies

119
Q

secondary immune response

A

subsequent exposure to the same antigen
- shorter time to activate lymphocytes
- more antibodies produced

120
Q

vaccines

A

injections or pills that contain a harmless version of a foreign antigen
- provides epitope that stimulates primary immune response so that the secondary one can come in if we get the real thing

121
Q

measles

A

virus that causes immunological amnesia
- immune system kills virally infected cells of its own, wipes memory cells
- preventable via MMR vaccine

122
Q

active immunity

A

during this, foreign antigen exposure

123
Q

active immunity causes the body to:

A

make antibodies

124
Q

passive immunity causes the body to:

A

receive antibodies
(placenta to fetus)

125
Q

self recognition

A

the ability to recognize invaders vs self cells

makes sure that all T cells in “training” can recognize MHC-I

starts in thymus

126
Q

positive selection

A

when T cells are permitted to continue development after being able to recognize MHC-I

127
Q

self tolerance

A

makes sure the immune system doesnt react to its own antigens

128
Q

negative selection

A

when T cells attack the bodies cells, and are then killed and not permitted for further development

129
Q

failure of self tolerance can result in:

A

autoimmunity

130
Q

homeostatic imbalances of the immune system

A

immunodeficiencies
autoimmune disorders
hypersensitivities

131
Q

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

A
  • result of untreated HIV infection which infects CD4+ cells
  • no cure, lots of treatments
132
Q

hypersensitivity

A

abnormal response to foreign antigens
- eg. allergies
- produced antibodies cause mast cells to release a lot of histamine, causing anaphylaxis

Biol 1190 (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions