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Biol 1190 > lecture 11 > Flashcards

lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the muscular system

A

supporting body movement
generating heat

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2
Q

origin

A

end of muscle attached to stabilized or stationary bone

usually proximal

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3
Q

insertion

A

end of muscle attached to moving bone

usually distal

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4
Q

muscle belly

A

thickened portion of the muscle between tendons

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5
Q

muscle actions

A

movements that are possible when the muscle contracts

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6
Q

Reverse muscle actions (RMAs)

A

result when the origin and insertion are reversed

NOT when the muscle relaxes

most muscles do not have RMAs

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7
Q

lever

A

an object that moves around a fulcrum

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8
Q

load

A

resistance against effort

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9
Q

effort

A

force required to move a load

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10
Q

first class levers

A

fulcrum is between effort and load
- like a see saw
eg. looking up
- posterior neck muscles (effort) contract to lift the head(load) at the atlanto-occipital joint (fulcrum)

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11
Q

second class lever

A

load is between effort and fulcrum
- like a wheelbarrow
eg. gastrocnemius (effort) lifts the body weight (load) at the toes (fulcrum)

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12
Q

third class levers

A

effort between fulcrum and load
most common in the body
eg. biceps (effort) life the hand (load) at the elbow joint (fulcrum)

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13
Q

why use third class levers if second class produced an advantage?

A

third class levers allow faster movement, but take more effort

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14
Q

muscles usually work in ______

A

opposing pairs
eg. biceps and triceps brachii

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15
Q

agonist

A

muscle that exerts effort to move lever

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16
Q

antagonist

A

muscle that opposes the agonist

must relax for the agonist to move

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17
Q

synergists

A

muscles that stabilize intermediate. joints when contracted

hold other joints stable while one moves

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18
Q

fixators

A

muscles that stabilize one end of bone so that the other can move

eg. muscles that stabilize the scapula during abduction of the arm (trapezius, serratus anterior, etc)

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19
Q

compartments

A

groups of skeletal muscles, their nerves, and blood vessels
- have specific functions

eg. flexor compartments of upper limb are the anterior sets of muscles

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20
Q

muscle function vs action

A

action - movement
function - what they do

eg. action - contract to close the mandibe

function - to chew

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21
Q

functions of the facial muscles (general)

A

to express emotions
- speech / vocalization

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22
Q

orbicularis oculi action

A

closes the eyelids

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23
Q

orbicularis oris action

A

close the lips / purses the lips (duckface)

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24
Q

occipitofronalis actions

A

frontal - raise eyebrows wrinkle forehead

occipital - raise hair (pulls on scalp)

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25
Q

epicranial aponeurosis

A

aponeurosis that connects the frontal and occipital bellies of the occipitofrontalis

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26
Q

aponeurosis

A

sheet like tendons

27
Q

platysma action

A

pulls corners of mouth laterally and inferiorly

depresses mandible

28
Q

masseter / temporalis actions

A

elevate the mandible

29
Q

sternocleidomastoid actions

A

rotate the head
extend the head at atlanto-occipital joint

has RMA (elevation of sternum)

30
Q

what happens if you only contract one sternocleidomastoid?

A

the head will rotate

31
Q

function of abdomen muscles

A

protect abdominal viscera
move vertebral column

32
Q

why do all the abdominal muscle fascicles run different ways

A

mainly stabilization, protection as well

33
Q

tendinous intersections of rectus abdominis connection tissu

A

fibrous

34
Q

The rectus abdominis originates at the pubic symphysis and inserts on the costal cartilages. If RMA of this muscle were possible, what movement would be permitted?

A

flexion of the vertebral column

35
Q

a muscle cannot move a bone to which it is not ____

A

attached

36
Q

central tendon

A

aponeurosis where the diaphragm inserts

37
Q

serratus anterior action

A

abducts the scapula
assists in pushing

38
Q

trapezius permits:

A

rotation, adduction, depression, stabilization of the scapula

39
Q

pectoralis major permits:

A

adduction, medial rotation, flexion or the arm

40
Q

deltoid permits:

A

abduction, medial/lateral rotation, flexion/extension of the arm

41
Q

latissimus dorsi permits

A

extension, adduction, medial rotation of the arm

42
Q

latissimus dorsi RMA

A

elevation of the vertebral column and torso

43
Q

biceps brachii permits

A

flexion of the arm at the elbow joint
supination of the hand

44
Q

triceps brachii permits

A

extension of the forearm at the elbow joint

45
Q

brachioradialis function

A

controls speed of movement of the arm

46
Q

brachioradialis permits

A

supination and pronation of the hand

47
Q

gluteus maximus permits

A

flexion of the leg at the hip joint
lateral rotation of the femur at hip

48
Q

gluteus maximus RMA

A

extension of the torso

49
Q

gluteus medius permits

A

abduction and
medial rotation of the femur

50
Q

flexor compartment of the thigh permits

A

flexion of the lower limb at the knee joint
extension of the leg at the hip joint

51
Q

extensor compartment of the thigh permits

A

extension of the lower limb at the knee joint
flexion of the leg at the hip joint

52
Q

all three “vastus” heads of the quadriceps originate on the ____

A

femur

53
Q

gracilis permits

A

adduction of the thigh at the hip joint
medial rotation of the thigh

54
Q

soleus permis

A

plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint

55
Q

gastrocnemius permits

A

plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle
flexion of the lower limb at the knee

56
Q

tibialis anterior permits

A

dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle
inversion of the foot at the intertarsal joints

57
Q

ways to prevent muscle injuries

A

regular, moderate exercise
stretching
nutrition
sleep

58
Q

spasm

A

involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscle group
when painful - called cramps

59
Q

main and other cause of spasms/cramps

A

dehydration

injury, overuse, prolonged periods in one position, inadequate bloodflow

60
Q

muscle soreness

A

due to microscopic damage to muscles
(torn sarcolemmas, etc)
may be delayed

61
Q

PRICE

A

Protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation

remedy for minor injuries

62
Q

plantar fasciitis

A

chronic inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis

causes:excess weight, ill fitting shoes

treatments: PRICE, stretching, orthotics, surgery, weight loss

63
Q

compartment syndrome

A

excess fluid causing swelling in the fascia

causes: pressure that restricts blood flow to a compartment

treatments: fasciotomy is severe

64
Q

3 facts about muscles

A

they work in groups
theres organized in compartments
their structure determines their function

Biol 1190 (31 decks)

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