lecture 7 Flashcards
axial skeleton number of bones
80
axial skeleton components
facial, cranial, thoracic cage, vertebral column
appendicular skeleton number of bones
126
appendicular skeleton components
bones of the limbs, girdles that attach limbs to axial skeleton
the skeletal systems is _________ of the muscular system
interdependent, the musculoskeletal system
5 types of bones
long bones
short bones
flat bones
sesamoid bones
irregular bones
long bones
longer than they are wide
curves to absorb shock
compact in diaphysis, spongy in epiphysis
ex. humerous
short bones
nearly long as they are wide
mostly spongy bone tissue surrounded by a thin layer of compact
ex. scaphoid
flat bones
thin plates of compact bone
contain spongy bone interiors
ex. sternum
sesamoid bones
thin small bones that develop in areas in high mechanical stress, protect tendons
ex. patella
irregular bones
may be irregularly shaped of distributed
ex. vertebrae
two major types of surface markings
depressions and openings
processes, projections, or outgrowths
depressions and openings
foramina, fossae, meati
processes projections and attachments
condyles, facets, heads, crests, processes
functions of the skull (4)
protect brain
serve as points of attachment for facial muscles
forms portions of orbits, nasal, oral cavities
includes auditory ossicles
number of bones in the skull
22
supraorbital foramen
above the eye on frontal bone, provides passage for supraorbital artery and nerve
crista galli
triangular process at the top of the ethmoid, membrane that separates brain halves attaches here
cribriform plate
on ethmoid, contains olfactory foramina, provides passage for sensory structures
perpendicular plate
on ethmoid, above vomer, forms superior part of nasal septum
optic foramen
on sphenoid, allows passage of optic artery and nerve
zygomatic arch
formed by zygomatic and temporal bone, ‘cheek bones”
mandibular fossa
forms a cavity that accommodates the mandibular condyle
styloid process
on temporal, point of attachment for neck and tongue muscles
mastoid process
on temporal, point of attachment for neck muscles
external auditory meatus
on temporal, forms ear canal
auditory ossicles in order
malleus, incus, stapes
occipital condyles
on occipital, forms joints with atlas
foramen magnum
on occipital, provides passage for spinal cord to the brain
condylar process
on mandible, articulates with mandibular fossa
infraorbital foramen
on maxillae, provides passage for infraorbital blood vessels and nerves
palatine process
on maxillae, forms most of the hard palate
vomer
form inferior portion of nasal septum
inferior nasal conchae
form lateral walls of nasal cavity, swirl air around to trap invaders
8 cranial bones
occipital, frontal, temporal, parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid
14 facial bones
nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxillae, palatine, mandible, inferior nasal conchae, vomer
bones that form the orbits (7)
frontal, sphenoid, lacrimal, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxillae, palatine
fontanels
soft, un ossified portions of the skull at birth made make of mesenchymal tissue, and becomes dense connective CT
function of fontanels
allow brain growth, facilitate passage of newborns head through birth canal
4 sinuses
ethmoidal, sphenoidal, frontal, maxillary
what forms adams apple
thyroid cartilage
4 curves of the spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
curve of the cervical vertebrae is acquired after:
learning to hold you head up
curve of the lumbar vertebrae is acquired after:
learning to walk
intervertebral discs are made of:
fibrocartilage
body of vertebrae
bears weight, contains nutrient foramina
vertebral foramen
provides passage for the spinal cord
superior articular process
articulates with inferior articular process of the vertebrae above
cervical vertebrae
1-7
have C for cervical
are bifid, have transverse foramen that provide passage for vertebral artery
atlas
has no body or spinous process
has large vertebrae foramen
c1
axis
has large superior projection called the dens
forms atlanto axial joint
thoracic vertebrae
has T for thoracic
1-12 (8-20)
have larges transverse processes for the ribs
have demifacets
anatomy of a rib
head - articulates with demifacets
neck - narrowed region adjacent to head
tubercle - posterior lateral projection that articulates with facets on transverse process of vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
1-5 (21-26)
has L for lumbar
short and thick spinous processes as attachment point for back muscles
sacrum
5 fused vertebrae
articulates with pelvic girdle at sacroiliac joints
sacral hiatus
inferior opening
coccyx
tailbone
4 fused coccygeal vertebrae
numbered Co1-Co4
sternum parts
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
notches in sternum
suprasternal /jugular - medial
clavicular notches - sides of medial
true ribs
first 7 ribs
articular with vertebrae and sternum
false ribs
5 ribs that do not articulate with sternum
costal cartilage is made of;
hyaline cartilage
floating ribs
do not articulate with any bones anteriorly
scoliosis
lateral bending of the vertebral column
