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Biol 1190 > lecture 12 > Flashcards

lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

blood definition

A

formed elements or cells in a liquid ECM

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2
Q

ECM of blood

A

blood plasma

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3
Q

what percent of body mass is blood

A

8%

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4
Q

average amount of blood in males vs females

A

males - 5-6L
female - 4-5L

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5
Q

blood temperature it must be kept around

A

38 degrees

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6
Q

components of blood (%)

A

blood plasma (55%)
formed elements (45%)

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7
Q

formed elements of blood

A

erythrocytes
platelets
leukocytes

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8
Q

blood plasma % makeup

A

91.5% water, 8.5% solutes

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9
Q

solutes in blood plasma

A

albumins (54%)
globulins (38%)
fibrinogen (7%)
other (1.5%)

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10
Q

albumins in blood plasma function

A

maintain osmotic pressure

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11
Q

globulins in blood plasma function

A

antibodies and transport proteins for ions, lipids, and vitamins

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12
Q

“other (1.5%)” components of blood plasma

A

electrolytes
nutrients
enzymes
hormones
gases
metabolic wastes

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13
Q

erythrocytes facts

A

most abundant
- transport O2 and CO2
- mature cells have no organelles - more hemoglobin

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14
Q

leukocytes facts

A

many types
fight infection and invasion

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15
Q

platelets

A

anucleate cell fragments

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16
Q

thrombocytes

A

nucleated blood cells that form clots in lower verebrates

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17
Q

why might a low or high hematocrit be harmful?

A

low - less effective transport of O2, CO2, hormones etc

high - thickens blood, risk of blockage, heart works harder

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18
Q

hemopoiesis

A

process of blood cell formation

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19
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

blood cells start as these, will continue development into two lineages (myeloid and lymphoid)

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20
Q

precursor cells

A

produced by each lineage, step between progenitor cells and formed elements

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21
Q

myeloid lineage produces:

A

RBCs, platelets, 4 leukocytes (no lymphocytes)

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22
Q

lymphoid lineage produces:

A

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Natural killer cells

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23
Q

path of an RBC

A

pluripotent stem cell
myeloid stem cell (CFU-E)
proerythroblast
reticulocyte
RBC

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24
Q

what regulates blood cell formation

A

hemopoietic factors (hormones)

these include:
erythropoetin
thrombopoetin
cytokines
(more on them later)

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25
Q

erythropoetin

A

increases number of erythrocyte precursor, increasing RBCs in blood
- synthesized in kidneys

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26
Q

thrombopoetin

A

stimulates platelet formation
- synthesized in liver

27
Q

cytokines

A

stimulate proliferation of leukocytes and lymphocytes
- synthesized in red marrow

28
Q

RBC structure

A

biconcave discs
- flexible
- anucleate
- lack most organelles when mature
- no mitochondria

29
Q

why do RBCs have no mitochondria

A

makes more space for hemoglobin, and so the mitochondria cannot use the O2 it is carrying in aerobic cellular respiration

30
Q

RBC count in males and females

A

4.8 mil in females
5.4 mil in males

31
Q

how many O2 can hemoglobin bind

A

4

32
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

enzyme contained by RBCs that converts CO2 into carbonic acid, important as a blood buffer

33
Q

Nitric oxide (NO)
(released by, causes)

A

acts as a hormone
- released by endothelial cells during inflammation, causes vasodilation

34
Q

RBC life cycle

A
  1. damaged RBCs die
  2. globulin + heme parts are seperated
  3. globulin is recylced
  4. ferric iron from heme is bound to transferrin
  5. ferric iron transfered to ferritin for storage in liver
  6. iron reattached to transferrin
  7. iron taken to Red marrow
  8. erythropoiesis
35
Q

5 steps of erythropoiesis

A
  1. starts with proerythroblast
    2.. it divides, one cell ejects nucleus
  2. resulting cell - reticulocyte
  3. nucleus ejection - biconcavity
  4. RBC leaves marrow
  5. matures in 1-2 days (loses organs)
36
Q

negative feedback loop for RBC production

A
  • stimulus - reduced O2 transport to tissues
  • sensor - kidney receptors
  • control centre - kidney cells
  • effectors - proerythroblasts in red marrow
  • net outcome - more RBCs = more O2 delivered to tissues
37
Q

leukocytes structure

A

all organelles present, no hemoglobin
may be granular or agranular

38
Q

granular leukocytes

A

contain special vesicles
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils

39
Q

neutrophils

A
  • granular, phagocytic cells
  • myeloid lineage
  • polymorphonuclear (multilobed nucleus)
40
Q

eosinophils

A
  • defend against parasites
  • granular
  • combat effects of histamine
41
Q

basophils

A
  • release histamine
  • granular
  • granules obscure appearance
42
Q

lymphocytes

A

– agranular
- lymphoid lineage
- T, B, NK cells

43
Q

monocytes

A
  • agranular
  • myeloid lineage
  • differentiate into macrophages or fuse into osteoclasts
44
Q

chemotaxis

A

permit WBCs to find the site of infection

movement of WBCs to a chemical stimulus

45
Q

fastest leukocyte to respond to bacterial infection
(and what they do at the site)

A

neutrophils, they release lysozymes that disrupts bacterial membranes

46
Q

what happens during infection and invasion?

A

inflammation
emigration and rolling
chemotaxis
tissue disinfection
tissue healing

47
Q

emigration

A

movement of WBCs from blood to the site of tissue damage

48
Q

rolling

A

leukocytes sensing where to squeeze through the endothelium

49
Q

how are platelets formed?

A

when megakaryoblasts mature into magokaryocytes and break into 2-3k pieces

50
Q

lifespan of a platelet

A

5-9 days

51
Q

hemostasis

A

process that prevents hemorhage

52
Q

3 steps of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
blood clotting

53
Q

vascular spasm

A

chemicals released by damaged smooth muscle and activated platelets lead to spasm of smooth muscle around blood vessels

stems bleeding shortly

54
Q

platelet plug steps

A

platelet adhesion
platelet activation
ADP makes platelets sticky

55
Q

blood clot

A

platelet plug + insoluble protein fibres

56
Q

coagulation

A

process of blood clot formation

requires clotting factors like calcium and enzymes

57
Q

intrinsic blood clotting pathway
activation

A

activated by damaged endothelial cells sense within blood vessels

58
Q

extrinsic pathway activation

A

external substance (tissue factor) enters blood

59
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

genetic mutation in the globin gene
- change in amino acid sequence, chances shape of protein folding
- alleles protect against malaria

60
Q

malaria

A

caused by parasitic infection of erythrocytes
- sickled RBCs leak potassium which allows malarial parasite to reproduce

61
Q

hemophilia

A

inherited disease
- mutation leading to insufficient clotting factors
- minor injury - hemorrhage
- found on X chromosome
- treated by donated plasma + clotting factors

62
Q

polycythemia

A

too many RBCs in the blood
- caused by mutation, hormone imbalance, or EPO injection
- leads to thickened blood

63
Q

both pathways of clotting first activate factor ____, which starts a common pathway

A

factor X

64
Q

common pathway in blood clotting

A

factor X starts common pathway
- prothrombinase activates prothrombin into thrombin
- thrombin activates factor XIII to strengthen fibrin threads between RBCs

Biol 1190 (31 decks)

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