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Biol 1190 > lecture 4 > Flashcards

lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

progenitor

A

a common ancestral cell

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2
Q

four types of tissues in the body

A

muscle
epithelial
connective
nervous

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3
Q

histology

A

the scientific study of tissues

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4
Q

general function of epithelial tissues (4)

A
  • cover a protect the body
  • line hollow organs
  • form glands
  • specialized for exchange with the environment
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5
Q

general function of connective tissue (4)

A
  • protects and supports the body and internal organs
  • connects organs
  • stores energy
  • aids in immunity
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6
Q

muscular tissue (2)

A
  • contract to general force
  • generate body heat
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7
Q

nervous tissue (2)

A
  • detects and responds to stimuli
  • generates electrical signals to stimulate changes in muscle or glands
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8
Q

tight junctions (3, structure, function, location)

A
  • transmembrane proteins on adjacent cells
  • form leakproof connections
  • found in stomach, intestine, urinary bladder
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9
Q

adherens junction (3, SFL)

A
  • plaque connects transmembrane proteins to microfilaments and sinches together
  • resists tearing
  • found in areas that contract
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10
Q

desmosomes junction (3, SFL)

A
  • similar to adherens but with INTERMEDIATE filaments rather than microfilaments
  • prevents tearing of epidermis, and ripping of muscle cells during heartbeats
  • can be found in heart, urinary bladder
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11
Q

hemidesmosomes (3, SFL)

A
  • transmembrane glycoproteins connect intermediate filaments to proteins of the basement membrane (laminins)
  • anchor cells to underlying tissue (basement membrane), resists abrasion
    -can be found in the skin
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12
Q

basement membrane layers (2) and function (2)

A

basal lamina - top layer
reticular lamina - bottom layer

separates overlying epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue

provides a surface for epitehlia to anchor and grow

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13
Q

gap junctions (3, SFL)

A
  • protein channels (connexons, made by connexins) that connect membranes of adjacent cells
  • assist in coordination of tissue function by permitting signal sharing
  • found between nerves
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14
Q

epithelial tissue is classified by: (2)

A

number of layers

and

shape of the cells in the tissue

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15
Q

surface epithelium

A

epithelium that lines body surfaces

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16
Q

glandular epithelium

A

epithelium that makes up the glands

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17
Q

arrangement of layers in epithelial tissues (3)

A
  • simple - one layer
  • pseudostratified - one layer that looks like many
  • stratified - multiple layers
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18
Q

cell shapes in epithelial tissues (3)

A

squamous - flat and tile like
cuboidal - cube shaped
- columnar - column shaped

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19
Q

transitional epithelium or urothelium

A

variable in shape depending on if stretched

looks squamous when stretched, cuboial when at rest

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20
Q

polerized cells meaning and example

A

cells that have ends or faces

epithelial cells

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21
Q

apical surface

A

top, faces the inside of an organ, vessel, duct, or external environment

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22
Q

basal surface

A

bottom, faces underlying tissue (usually connective tissue)

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23
Q

lateral surface

A

sides, faces adjacent cells

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24
Q

simple squamous epithelium (3, SFL)

A
  • single layer, flat tile like cells
  • good for filtration of body fluids and diffusion of nutrients and gases
  • found in lining of blood vessels and epithelial lining of serous membranes
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25
Q

endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood vessels

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26
Q

mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium that makes up the epithelial layer of serous membranes

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27
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium (3, SFL)

A
  • single layer, cube shaped tissue
  • secretion of hormones and other substances, absorption of water and other solutes
  • found lining kidney tubules and the thyroid gland
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28
Q

non ciliated simple columnar epithelium (3, SFL)

A
  • single layer, long cells, can be with goblet cells
  • secretion of mucus and absorption of nutrients
  • found in digestive tracts
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29
Q

ciliated simple columnar (3, SFL)

A
  • single layer, long cells with cilia, can have goblet cells
  • cilia beat at apical surface to move mucus, protection from invasion and fluid loss
  • found in bronchioles and oviducts
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30
Q

non ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (3, SFL)

A
  • single layer, irregular nulcei depths, no cilia
  • absorption of substances, secretion (eg saliva)
  • line epididymis and part of male urethra
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31
Q

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (3, SFL)

A
  • single layer, irregular nuclei depths, cilia
  • sweep mucus over tissue surface, protection from invasion
  • found in upper respiratory tract
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32
Q

stratified squamous epithelium (4, SFL)

A
  • can be keratinized or non
  • multiple layers, flat tile like cells
  • protects from abrasion, fluid loss, UV, invasion, keratinized provides strength
  • found in skin (keratinized), cheek (non)
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33
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium (3, SFL)

A
  • multiple layers, cube shaped cells
  • protect ducts and tubes from abrasion
  • lines seal and esophageal glands, male urethra
  • rare
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34
Q

stratified columnar epithelium (3, SFL)

A
  • multi layer, long cells
  • protect from invasion, secretion (eg, tears)
  • found in conjuctiva (tear ducts), esophageal glands
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35
Q

transitional / urothelium (3, SFL)

A
  • rest, cuboidal / stretched, squamous
  • prevent leakage, protect from abrasion, from high pressure fluids
  • found in urinary bladder, ureters, urethra
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36
Q

exocrine glands (2)

A

secrete substances a short distance, like sweat glands

secrete products into ducts

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37
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete substances that diffusion into the blood and are circulated to tissues

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38
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger or signal

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39
Q

path of hormones form an endocrine gland (3)

A

secrete into interstitial fluid
diffuses into blood
circulates to target tissues

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40
Q

unicellular gland

A

glands comprise of a single cell (eg. goblet cell)

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41
Q

sudoriferous gland

A

sweat glands

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42
Q

sebaceous gland

A

oil glands

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43
Q

mulitcellular exocrine gland classification and what it tells you (3)

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

tells you how the secretions are released

44
Q

merocrine glands

A

type of exocrine gland
- most of the bodys glands
- prducts leave celle via exocytosis

45
Q

apocrine sweat glands are: (1)

A

actually merocrine glands

46
Q

apocrine glands

A

type of exocrine gland
- secrete products only from apical surface of cells via exocytosis (chunk pinched off)
(eg, mammary glands for breastmilk)

47
Q

holocrine glands

A

type of exocrine glands
- collect products in cytosol
- mature cells rupture - releasing contents
(eg, sebaseous glands)

48
Q

two components of connective tissue

A

ECM (extracellular matrix)
- protein fibres and ground substance
- can be liquid, solid, or gel like
cells
- sparsely distributed throughout matrix

49
Q

what makes the ECM of connective tissue?

A

cells of the connective tissue make it. protein fibres and ground substance is secreted

50
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

ancestral cells for all types of connective tissue proper

51
Q

fibroblasts

A

most common, secrete ECM of loose and dense connective tissue

52
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic immune cells that reside in tissues

53
Q

plasma cells

A

immune cells that secrete antibodies

54
Q

mast cells

A

immune cells immobilized in tissues that secrete inflammatory chemicals

55
Q

apidocytes

A

cells of adipose tissue that store triglycerides

56
Q

leukocytes (WBCs)

A

can migrate to connective tissue during invasion

57
Q

ECM of connective tissues facts (3)

A
  • made of protein fibres and polysaccharides
  • extensively hydrated
  • secreted by the connective tissue cells
58
Q

ground substance

A

medium in which the ECM is suspended

59
Q

protein fibres in the ECM (3)

A

collagen fibres
elastic fibres
reticular fibres

60
Q

collagen fibres (3)

A
  • makes up 25% of all protein in the body
  • great tensile strength and bundle arrangement
  • helps tissues resist compression
61
Q

collagen fibres (3)

A
  • makes up 25% of all protein in the body
  • great tensile strength and bundle arrangement
  • helps tissues resist compression
62
Q

elastic fibres (4)

A
  • thinner than collagen
  • made of elastin
  • can stretch and return to resting length
  • resists tearing and shear
63
Q

reticular fibres (4)

A
  • made of bundled collagen + glycoprotein
  • thinnest of the fibres
  • supports tissues
  • forms part of basement membrane
64
Q

main differences between epithelial and connective tissue (3)

A

the ratio of extracellular matrix to number of cells
- epithelium has little/no matrix and many cells
- connective has lots of matrix + fewer cells

vascularity
- epithelium - not vascularized
- connective - vascularized

location
- epithelium - typically most superficial layer
- connective - typically underlays epithelium

65
Q

types of embryonic connective tissue

A

mesenchyme and mucoid

66
Q

mesenchymal connective tissue (2)

A
  • contains mesenchymal cells in gel ECM + reticular fibres
  • becomes nearly all types of CT
    (developing skeleton)
67
Q

mucoid connective tissue (3)

A
  • sparsely distributed fibroblasts in gel ECM + collagen fibres
  • provides mechanical support to overlying tissue
    (umbilical cord)
68
Q

types of mature connective tissue (3 main, 6 sub)

A

connective tissue proper (mesenchyme)
- loose
- dense

supporting CT (mucoid)
- cartilage
- bone

liquid CT (mucoid)
- blood
- lymph

69
Q

loose connective tissue (3) (group, structure, what it includes)

A
  • is mature mesenchymal
  • sparsely distributed cells and fibres
  • includes areolar, adipose, and reticular CT
70
Q

areolar CT (5)

A
  • widely found in the body
  • all three fibres + lots of cells in gel ECM
  • supports, reinforces, and provides stretch to organs
  • serves as packing material for body cavities
  • resembles a spider web
  • loose
71
Q

adipose CT

A
  • contains adipocytes that store triglycerides in a large central droplet (white adipose tissue)
  • insulates body, stores energy, supports organs
  • resembles cotton balls
  • loose
72
Q

reticular CT

A

-made of tightly woven fibres + fibroblasts
- filters substances such as lymph
- called “stroma” in lymph organs
- loose

73
Q

dense CT (group, structure, what it includes)

A
  • is mature mesenchymal
  • packed with protein fibres but fewer cells than loose CT
  • includes Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic
74
Q

dense regular CT

A
  • dense
  • packed collagen fibres + sparse fibroblasts
  • looks shiny
  • great tensile strength
  • part of tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
  • looks tight and wavy
75
Q

aponeuroses

A

muscle to muscle or bone to bone attachements

76
Q

dense irregular CT

A
  • dense
  • irregular arrangement of collagen fibres + few fibroblasts
  • resists pulling
  • found in faciae (wrap muscles) and pericardium
  • looks tight but not straight, sort of like elephant print
77
Q

elastic CT

A
  • dense
  • made of elastic fibres + few fibroblasts
  • provides elasticity to organs
  • found in lung tissue, walls of arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes
78
Q

supporting CT (2)

A

cartilage and bone

79
Q

liquid CT (2)

A

blood and lymph

80
Q

cartilage

A
  • thick collagen fibres embedded in gel ground substance
  • ECM contains hydrated proteoglycans
  • strongly resists compression
  • not vascularized - heal slow
81
Q

chondrocytes

A

special fibroblasts that resides in lacunae in cartilage

82
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

83
Q

hyaline cartilage

A
  • most common
  • overlaid by perichondrium
  • provides smooth surface between joints
  • comprises fetal skeleton before ossification
  • looks like deer hooves
84
Q

perichondrium

A

layer of new chondrocytes containing blood vessels in cartilage

85
Q

ossification

A

bone formation

hardening into bone

86
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • lacks perichondrium
  • strongest type of cartilage
  • found at public symphysis (anterior joining of hip bones), intervertebral discs, and menisci of knees
  • looks like feathers
87
Q

elastic cartilage

A
  • overlaid by perichondrium
  • provides strength and stretch
  • forms auricle (external ear), eustachian tubes (ear-nasal tubes), epiglottis
88
Q

bone tissue

A
  • can be compact or spongy
  • compact bone consists of repeated osteons
  • osteons have rings of calcified ECM with lacunae and a central canal
89
Q

blood

A
  • liquid ECM called blood plasma + blood cells
  • transports O2, nutrients, gases, waste, immune cells, hormones, and platelets
90
Q

lymph

A
  • liquid tissue
  • components vary based on location
  • less protein than blood plasma
  • Lymph nodes - have lymphocytes
  • small intestine - have dietary fats
91
Q

anatomical membranes

A

NOT biological or plasma membranes!
- sheets of flexible tissue that cover a portion of the body
- usually epithelial layer + connective tissue
- include mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes

92
Q

synovial membranes

A

membranes that consist of only connective tissue (no epithelium) and line joints

93
Q

lamina propria

A

connective layer of mucous membranes

94
Q

mucous membranes (SFL)

A
  • made of areolar CT
  • line body cavities that are open to the external environment
  • prevents fluid loss
  • protects body from invaders
  • secretes enzymes to help in digestion and absorption
    -lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tract (part of)
95
Q

serous membranes (SFL)

A
  • made of areolar CT covered by mesothelium
  • mesothelium secretes serous fluid
  • found in abdominal cavity, lining of lungs and heart (all have specific names)
96
Q

cutaneous membranes (SFL)

A
  • includes the skin
    - epidermis / dermis
  • covers the surface of the body
97
Q

synovial membranes (SFL)

A
  • made of layers of synoviocytes
  • deep to these are layers of areolar and adipose CT
  • secrete synovial fluid to lubricate joints and nourish tissues
  • found between joints
98
Q

excitable cells

A

detect electrical impulse and respond with action potentials
- may result in a nerve impulse

99
Q

muscular tissue (SF)

A

made of muscle fibres (myocytes)
contract to move bones and generate heat

100
Q

3 types of muscular tissue

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

101
Q

skeletal muscle tissue (SFL)

A
  • long, multinucleate, striated tissue
  • produces voluntary movement, maintains posture, generate heat
  • attaches to bones via tendons
102
Q

cardiac muscle tissue (SFL)

A
  • branched striated fibres with single nucleus
  • cells conjoin by gap junctions for more rapid electrical signal
  • controls involuntary movement
  • forms myocardium (heart wall)
103
Q

smooth muscle (SFL)

A
  • long , non-striated fibres in an irregularly shaped cell with one nucleus
  • thicker in the middle
  • gap junctions to coordinate contractions faster
  • found in small intestine (peristalsis), constricts airways, contract urinary bladder and gall bladder
104
Q

nervous tissue types

A

neurons
neuroglia

105
Q

neurons (SF)

A
  • cell body, dendrites, axon
  • generates electrical signals
106
Q

neuroglia (SF)

A
  • tiny little blue things around the neuron (in pic)
  • synthesize myelin
107
Q

myelin

A

coating of neuronal axons
increases electrical signal speed

Biol 1190 (31 decks)

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