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biol 1190 > lecture 3 minus cell parts > Flashcards

lecture 3 minus cell parts Flashcards

1
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

cells that possess membranous organelles

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2
Q

makeup of the lipid bilayer (%)

A

75% phospholipids
20% cholesterol
5% glycoproteins

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3
Q

why must membranes be fluid?

A
  • permits self healing
  • allows for membrane growth
  • permits fusion with other membranes
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4
Q

how is membrane fluidity regulated? (3)

A
  1. cells change the saturation of fatty acids
    - saturated = straight
    - unsaturated = “kinked”
    - unsaturated allows for more space between fatty acids = more fluid
  2. cells change cholesterol amount in membranes
    - cholesterol acts as a fluidity buffer
    - bulky molecule = increases fluidity
    - planar nature of rings prevent movement = lower fluidity
  3. temperature
    - high temp - more fluid
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5
Q

why can only non polar molecules cross the membrane?

A

because non polar things are hydrophobic, things must be hydrophobic to cross

the membrane is impermeable to polar and charged things

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6
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

anchored to hydrophobic centre of membrane

assist in transport

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7
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

anchored to hydrophobic centre or membrane

assist in transport

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8
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

integral proteins that go all the way through

amphipathic

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9
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

bound to membrane by electrostatic interactions

hydrophilic

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10
Q

glycoproteins

A

membrane proteins bound to saccharides

only found on the outer side

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11
Q

glycocalyx

A

formed when the saccharides on glycoproteins and glycolipids join

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12
Q

receptors

A

bind specific molecules and send signals to the inside of the cell to change behavior

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12
Q

receptors

A

bind specific molecules and send signals to the inside of the cell to change behavior

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13
Q

linker proteins

A

connect cells and facilitate locomotion

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14
Q

cell identity markers

A

usually glycoproteins, help body cells or invaders identify cell types

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15
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis

any type of transport that requires, no ATP

passive transport is driven by kinetic energy and concentration gradients

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16
Q

rate of diffusion is effected by: (2)

A

size of the particles
- bigger = slower

temperature
- high temp = faster molecules = more kinetic energy

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17
Q

diffusion

A

movement of particles down its concentration gradient

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18
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the use of carrier proteins or ion channels (and aquaporins) to help substances cross the bilayer

this is how polar and charged substances can get through

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19
Q

ion channels

A

passage for facilitated diffusion

may be gated (require a signal before opening)

passive

can only transport one type or ion

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20
Q

carrier proteins

A

change shape to move solutes across membrane

specific to shape

passive

ex. used to bring glucose into the cell

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21
Q

aquaporins

A

channels to bring water into the cell

water can diffuse, but these are 50000 time faster

passive

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22
Q

active transport

A

transport needed to keep concentration gradients (CG) from diffusing

moves substances UP the CG

requires energy (ATP for primary, electrochemical potential for secondary)

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23
Q

how do cells maintain a negative membrane potential

A

sodium/potassium pump pumps Na out and K in in a 2:3 ratio, keeping the inside negative

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24
Q

primary active transport

A

moves solutes UP the CG using ATP hydrolysis

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25
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses electrochemical potential set up by primary active transport as energy

move two solutes at the same time

one solute flows down its CG and releases free energy for the second solute to move UP its CG

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26
Q

antiporters

A

when solutes in secondary active transport flow in opposite directions

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27
Q

symporters

A

when both solutes in secondary active transport flow in the same direction

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28
Q

endocytosis

A

movement into cells via a vesicle

active transport

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29
Q

exocytosis

A

movement out of cells via a vesicle

also called secretion in some cells

active transport

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30
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

imports specific molecules into cells

31
Q

phagocytosis

A

“eating” of molecules or invaders by phagocytic cells

important process for immune system

32
Q

pinocytosis

A

“drinking” of dissolved tissues

cell takes in interstitial fluid and test for invaders (via lymphocytes)

33
Q

transcytosis

A

movement of substances through the cells by endocytosis then exocytosis

34
Q

osmosis

A

water moving from low solute concentration to high across a semipermeable membrane

35
Q

isotonic

A

a solution with the same concentration as as cell in it

36
Q

hypertonic

A

solution outside of the cell has a higher solute concentration compared to the inside

water will move out of the cell, and the cell will crenate

37
Q

crenate

A

when a red blood cell shrinks due to osmosis in a hypertonic solution

38
Q

hypotonic

A

solution outside of the cell has a lower concentration compared to in the cell

water will move into the cell, and the cell will lyse (hemolysis in RBCs)

39
Q

hemolysis

A

when a red blood cell lyses or bursts

40
Q

how to calculate if a solution is hyper, hypo, or isotonic

A
  1. add all percentages of ALL solutes (osmolarity)
  2. compared and determine what the environment is
  3. determine outcome of situation
41
Q

osmolarity and what it determines

A

osmolarity is the total solute concentration of a solution, and it determines tonicity

42
Q

tonicity

A

how a cell behaved when it is placed in a solution (shrink, lyse, …)

43
Q

chromatin

A

transcriptionally active DNA that is loosely packed

44
Q

where does transcription occur?

A

the nucleus

45
Q

where does translation occur?

A

in ribosomes

46
Q

chromosomes

A

Chromatin that has been supercoiled and condensed into a compact form

47
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cellular components excluding the nucleus

48
Q

interphase stages

A

g1, S, g2

49
Q

g1 phase

A

cell growth and preparation for DNA replication

duplicates organelles and cytosolic components

centrosome replication begins

50
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication happens in this phase

in preparation for mitosis

51
Q

g2 phase

A

enzymes and other proteins are synthesized in preparation for division

cell growth continues

replication process is completed

52
Q

prophase

A

nuclear envelope dissolves and chromatin condenses into chromosomes

mitotic spindle starts to form

clump of stuff under microscope

53
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align at the equatorial plate

chromosomes in a line under microscope

54
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes are pulled by the mitotic spindle to either sides of the cell

appears to be being pulled under microscope

cleavage furrow starts in late anaphase

55
Q

telophase

A

begins once chromosomes are at either side of the cell

nuclear envelopes form around new cells

56
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm

starts in late anaphase with the cleavage furrow and ends after telophase

completes cell division

57
Q

anatomy of a chromosome (in mitosis)

A

an unreplicated or replicatted chromosome are both called chromosomes

the two halves are called sister chromatids

chromatids are only existent in replicated chromosomes. if there is only one “strand,” it is a chromosome

58
Q

pinched centre of a chromosome in mitosis

A

centromere

59
Q

a complex of proteins that serves as the site of attachment for the mitotic spindle

A

kinetochore

60
Q

telomeres

A

pieces of DNA at the ends of chromosomes that protect the ends from shortening

protect against nucleolytic degradation

61
Q

how are telomeres added to chromosomes?

A

telomerase

62
Q

diploid cell

A

a cell with 2 sets of chromosomes

formed during mitosis

63
Q

haploid cell

A

a cell with only 1 set of chromosomes

64
Q

haploid cell

A

a cell with only 1 set of chromosomes

formed during meiosis

65
Q

full mitosis process

A

g1
S
g2
prophase
metaphase
anaphase (cytokinesis starts)
telophase
cytokinesis ends

66
Q

meiosis 1

A

homologous chromosomes are segregated

crossing over happens, and recombination occurs to create genetic diversity

homologous chromosomes align at equatorial plate and separate

we are left with two nonidentical cells with a haploid set of chromosomes

67
Q

meiosis 2

A

sister chromatids are segregated

chromosomes align at plate

chromosomes split

we are left with 4 nonidentical cells with a haploid set of chromosomes

68
Q

prophase 1

A

tetrads form by synapsis of sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

crossing over between non sister chromatids occurs

genetic recombination occurs

69
Q

metaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes align at equatorial plate

70
Q

anaphase 1

A

separation of homologous chromosomes

71
Q

telophase 1

A

cell splits

nuclear envelops form

creates two haploid cells

72
Q

prophase 2

A

nuclear envelops dissolve

mitotic spindle starts to form

NO interphase between 1 and 2

73
Q

metaphase 2

A

chromosomes align at equatorial plate

74
Q

anaphase 2

A

chromosomes are pulled to either side

cytokinesis starts

75
Q

telophase 2

A

Cells split

cytokinesis finishes

we are left with now 4 haploid daughter cells

76
Q

synapsis

A

the joining of two homologous chromosomes during meiosis 1

facilitates genetic exchange

biol 1190 (31 decks)

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