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Biol 1190 > lecture 5 > Flashcards

lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

generic integumentary system functions (6)

A
  • regular body temp
  • protect from external insults
  • sense signals
  • excrete and absorb chemicals
  • store blood and energy
  • synthesize vitamin D
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2
Q

generic skin facts (2, weight, thickness)

A
  • 7% of body weight
  • thinnest 0.5mm eyelid, thickest 4mm heel
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3
Q

skin layers

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous (technically not part of skin)

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4
Q

epidermis (make up)

A
  • most superficial skin layer
  • has 4-5 layers (thin and thick skin)
  • made of many cells like keratinocytes and melanocytes
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5
Q

keratinocytes (SFL)

A
  • layered cells that make keratin
  • make lamellar granules (waterproof and sealant)
  • located in the epidermis
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6
Q

melanocytes

A
  • contain melanin granules
  • absorbs UV light and protects DNA
  • found in epidermis
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7
Q

melanin

A

brown/black pigment that collects of the surface of the nucleus facing UV light

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8
Q

how does UV light damage DNA?

A

interferes with replication by oxidizing molecules it hits. leads to unstable intermediates due to unpaired electrons
(oxidize = rip electrons)

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9
Q

intraepidermal macrophages (langerhans cells)

A
  • UV sensitive phagocytes
  • scour tissue for invaders to destroy
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10
Q

Tactile epithelial cells

A
  • sense touch
  • in direct contact with nervous tissue
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11
Q

epidermal strata (5, in order, superficial to deep)

A

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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12
Q

stratum basale (SFL)

A
  • contains stem cells capable of dividing to replenish overlying strata
  • rich in keratin intermediate filaments
  • provides foundation for skin, reinforces cell junctions
  • deepest layer of epidermis
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13
Q

stratum spinosum (SFL)

A
  • 8-10 layers of flat keratinocytes
  • cells contain thicker, tougher keratin intermediate filaments
  • reinforce desmosomes
  • provide strength for the skin
  • less capable of division
  • superficial to stratum basale
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14
Q

stratum granulosum (SFL)

A
  • 3-5 layers of cells that are dying (apoptosis)
    (organelles disintegrate, keratin filaments stay)
  • produce keratohyalin
  • make lamellar granules
  • boundary between metabolically active cells and dead cells of epidermis
  • superficial to stratum spinosum
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15
Q

keratohyalin

A

dark staining substance that aids in keratin intermediate filament assembly

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16
Q

lamellar granules

A

contain lipids that release as cells die

seal underlying layers from invasion and fluid loss

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17
Q

stratum corneum (SFL)

A
  • most superficial layer of skin
  • flat thin cells stacked
  • cells are dead and slough off with abrasion
  • replenished by division from stratum basale
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18
Q

stratum lucidum (SFL)

A
  • only found in thick skin
  • superficial to stratum granulosum
  • looks clear
  • made of dead keratinocytes
  • have thick keratin filaments and thick plasma membranes that provide mechanical support to thick skin
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19
Q

growth of epidermis (2)

A
  • takes 4-6 weeks for new cells at basale to emerge at corneum
  • keratinization reinforces skin by accumulation of keratin from cells that die by apoptosis
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20
Q

dermis (SFL)

A
  • made of connective tissue
  • great tensile strength
  • papillary + reticular region
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21
Q

papillary region

A
  • top 20% of the dermis
  • made of areolar CT + collagen and elastic fibres
  • contains dermal papillae
  • contains nervous tissue
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22
Q

dermal papillae

A

tissue extensions from the dermis into the epidermis that contain capillaries

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23
Q

reticular region

A
  • bottom 80% of the dermis
  • made of dense irregular CT
  • mesh-like network of collagen + fibroblasts
  • resists tearing and shear
  • contains glands, nerves, and blood vessels
  • anchors dermis to subcutaneous layer
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24
Q

finger prints (SF)

A

epidermal ridges on the skin

same shape of dermal papillae
increase friction to aid grip

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25
Q

nevus

A

mole

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26
Q

tyrosinase

A

contained in melanin to help in melanin synthesis (tanning)

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27
Q

carotene

A

stored by the stratum corneum

orange in colour and can turn skin orange if there is too much

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28
Q

general hair functions (4)

A
  • protects scalp from UV radiation
  • protects eyes and nasal cavity from invasion
  • traps air close to skin to minimize heat loss
  • contain touch receptors
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29
Q

anatomy of a hair (7)

A
  • hair root - embedded in dermis or subcutaneous layer
  • hair shaft - superficial portion of hair
  • medulla - deepest layer of hair, contains pigmented cells
  • cortex - middle layer, bulk of hair
  • cuticle - outermost layer, flat keratinized epithelial cells
  • hair follicle - surrounds hair root
  • hair matrix - divides lots to grow hair
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30
Q

arrector pili

A

smooth muscle that moves hairs under certain conditions
- cold
- fear

keeps air close to body to heat up

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31
Q

hair root plexus

A

dendrites that interact with hair follicle

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32
Q

hair growth stages (3)

A

growth stage
regression stage
resting stage

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33
Q

growth stage of hair (2)

A
  • hair matrix divide and push new cells up and out of the follicle
  • older cells keratinize and die
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34
Q

regression stage of hair (2)

A
  • hair matrix cells atrophy (stop functioning) and die
  • shaft growth arrests
35
Q

resting stage of hair (2)

A
  • period of inactivity in the root matrix
  • after resting, old hair root falls out of follicle and is replaced
36
Q

what affects hair growth? (6)

A

genetics, nutrition, stress, mechanical damage, age, illness

37
Q

lanugo

A

down like hairs that cover fetus

38
Q

terminal hairs

A

thicker hairs (head hair, eyebrows, lashes)

39
Q

vellus hairs

A

peach fuzz like hairs

40
Q

vellus and terminal hair distribution in males and females

A

female - vellus - 65%, terminal 35%
male - vellus - 5%, terminal 95%

41
Q

eumelanin

A

type of melanin in made by melanocytes in the hair follicle that makes brown/black hair

42
Q

pheomelanin

A

type of melanin made by melanocytes in the hair follicle that makes blonde/red hair

43
Q

grey and white hair causes (2)

A

grey - decreased melanin production
white - air bubbles in the shaft of hair

44
Q

sebaceous glands (SFL)

A
  • empty into hair follicles usually
  • lubricates hair and prevents fluid loss
  • secretes oil (sebum)
  • inhibits microbial growth
  • located in the dermis
45
Q

desiccation

A

drying out

46
Q

how does sebum inhibit microbial growth?

A

sebum is metabolized by bacteria on the skin into fatty acids, resulting in a no optimal pH for invaders to grow

47
Q

sudoriferous glands (SFL)
(numbers too)

A
  • 4-5 million in the body (dermis)
  • secrete sweat on the surface of skin
  • aids in thermoregulation (hot sweating)
  • minor role in excretion of wastes
48
Q

sweat components (8)

A

water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, lactic acid

49
Q

types of sudoriferous glands

A

eccrine sweat glands

apocrine sweat glands

50
Q

eccrine sweat glands (SFL)

A
  • widely distributed in the body
  • start in dermis, opens on skin pore
  • produce 400-600ml per day
  • thermoregulatory sweating
51
Q

apocrine sweat glands (SFL)

A
  • found in axillae, groin, areolae, under facial hair in males
  • sweat contains lipids and proteins that make it a yellow or milky colour
  • starts at puberty
  • emotional sweating
52
Q

ceruminous glands (SFL)

A
  • located in subcutaneous layer
  • open into ducts of sebaceous glands
  • product cerumen (ear wax)
  • protects ear canal from invasion
53
Q

nails (2)

A
  • hard, keratinized epithelial cells packed tightly at the distal end of the digits
  • protects the fingertips
54
Q

nail body

A
  • made of hard, flat keratin
  • appears pink due to capillaries
55
Q

free edge

A
  • same hard tissue as the nail body but appears white
  • not vascularized
56
Q

nail root

A
  • Embedded in the skin
  • visible white crescent is called the lunula
57
Q

hyponychium

A

thick skin under the free edge

58
Q

lunula

A

white crescent at the base of the nail, part of the nail root

59
Q

eponychium

A
  • comprised of stratum corneum
  • skin layer at the base of the nail
60
Q

nail matrix

A

contains actively dividing cells that permit growth
- rate of 1mm/week on fingers, slower on toes
- affected by age, health, nutrition, temperature
- longer digit, longer nail

61
Q

nail functions (4)

A
  • protect the tips of the digits
  • support and provide resistance for pressure applied at palmar surface
  • aids in touch sensing
  • permits grasping and scratching
62
Q

coordinate functions of integumentary system (8)

A
  • thermoregulation
  • changing blood flow in the dermis
  • protection
  • blood storage
  • cutaneous sensation
  • minor excretion
  • absorption
  • vitamin D synthesis
63
Q

synthesis of vitamin D

A

enzymes in liver and kidney process precursor activated by UV light into calcitriol

64
Q

calcitriol

A

active form of vitamin D processes by liver and kidneys

65
Q

what does calcitriol d?

A
  • affects calcium absorption - main thing
  • stimulates production of antimicrobial substances in immune cells
66
Q

path of vitamin D synthesis (5)

A
  • inactive precursor
  • active precursor (by UV light
  • processed by liver / kidneys
  • becomes calcitriol
  • affects Ca absorption and antimicrobial substances
67
Q

epidermal wound healing (3)

A
  • superficial cuts break contact of epidermal cells to the basement membrane
  • stimulates migration of basal cells
  • epidermal growth factor stimulates basal cells to divide and replenish strata
68
Q

deep wound

A

a would that penetrates the dermis

69
Q

four phases to healing

A

inflammatory phase
migratory phase
proliferative phase
maturation phase

70
Q

inflammatory phase (3)

A
  • blood clot plugs wound
  • injured tissue secretes histamine which dilates blood vessels and permits more blood
  • immune cells are recruited to the area
71
Q

migratory phase (2)

A
  • fibroblasts migrate along clot and secrete collagen and glycoproteins to form granulation tissue
  • epithelial cells migrate to fill in wound
72
Q

granulation tissue

A

tissue that can start the process of scar formation (fibrosis)

73
Q

proliferative phase (3)

A
  • epithelial cells divide beneath scab
  • fibroblasts secrete collagen to lay down new ECM for new tissue
  • blood vessels grow
74
Q

maturation phase (3)

A
  • epithelium thickens to near normal
  • fibroblasts recede
  • scab falls off
75
Q

fibrosis (scar tissue formation) (3)

A
  • have more dense and tough collagen networks
  • less flexible
  • fewer blood vessels, glands, etc
76
Q

hypertrophic scars

A

scars that lie within the bounds of the original wound

77
Q

keloid scars

A

scars that extend beyond the original wound margin

78
Q

edema

A

can result from third degree burns and lead to dysregulation of body fluids and shock

79
Q

sepsis

A

increased risk to bacterial infection

80
Q

What is cancer?

A
  • uncontrollable cell proliferation
  • benign cancers grow fast, malignant even faster
  • malignant cancers invade health tissues
81
Q

basal cell carcinomas effected layer

A

stratum basale, most common type, generally benign

82
Q

squamous cell carcinomas effected layer

A

stratum spinosum

83
Q

malignant melanomas effected layer

A

stratum basale

Biol 1190 (31 decks)

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