lecture 9 Flashcards
arthroses
sites of contact between bones
arthrology
study of joints
3 classifications of joints
synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
fibrous joint (AC?, CT?)
no AC, dense irregular CT
cartilaginous joint (AC?, CT)
no AC, cartilage
synovial joint (AC?, CT?)
has an AC, dense irregular CT
fibrous joints facts (3)
- generally immobile
- 2 types (sutures, syndemoses)
- dense irregular
examples of fibrous joints
sutures - coronal suture
syndesmoses - cone shaped joint for teeth (gomphosis)
sutures become synarthroses, what are these?
connective tissue that has been ossified (ossified suture)
syndesmoses
thick and long strip of dense irregular CT
(eg, interosseous membrane/ligaments)
gomphosis - cone shaped joint between teeth and mandible/maxilla
slightly mobile (more that sutures)
gomphosis
type of syndesmoses
cone shaped joint between teeth and mandible/maxilla
cartilaginous joints facts
bones joined by cartilage
no articular cavity
2 types (synchondroses, symphyses)
synchondroses
connects bone with hyaline or fibrocartilage
(eg. sternocostal cartilage between ribs)
epiphyseal cartilage (what is it made of)
hyaline cartilage permitting bone growth
symphyses (what is under fibrocartilage at the joint?)
held by fibrocartilage
bone still covered in hyaline cartilage at articular surfaces
(eg. pubic symphysis)
synovial joints facts (3)
(last one, waht are teh covered in?)
- distinguished by presence of articular cavity between bones
- bones covered in articular cartilage
- freely movable
articular cavity
only found in synovial joints
bounded by articular capsule
secretes lubricating fluid (synovial fluid)
has fibrous layer
articular capsule
bounds articular cavity
2 layers (fibrous layer, synovial membrane)
fibrous layer of articular capsule
(what is it made of)
dense irregular CT
attaches to periosteum
forms ligaments and some joints
synovial membrane of articular capsule
(what is it made of and what does it do)
areolar CT
secretes synovial fluid
what does synovial fluid do?
(what it nourishes, contains, and does)
nourishes chondrocytes, contains O2 and contains immune cells, reduces friction, absorbs shock
other components of synovial joints (2)
accessory ligaments - provide extra support
(eg. contralateral ligament of the knee)
articular discs / minisci - fibrocariilage padding to the inside surface of the capsule, absorbs shock
bursae
reduce friction between moving structures
have fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
bursitis
inflammation of bursae
tendons sheaths
tube shaped bursae
only freely movable joints
synovial joints
4 categories of movement
gliding
angular movement
rotation
special
gliding movement
bones that slide back/forth + side/side
no change in angel between articulating bones
(Eg. intercarpal joints)
angular movement
increase/decrease angles between articulating bones
includes: flexion, extension, etc
flexion
decrease in angle between articulating bones
extension
increase in angle between articulating bones
lateral flexion
decrease in angle between bones in the coronal plane
abduction
movement of bone away from midline
adduction
movement of bone toward midline
circumduction
movement around of joint to move the distal part of a limb in a circle
combined flexion extension abduction and adduction
hyperextention
extension of a joint beyond anatomical position
(eg. tilting the neck back)
rotation
turning of a bone along longitudinal axis
can be medial or lateral in limbs
special movements (joints + meaning)
unique to specific joints
mandible:
elevated - moved upward
depressed - moved downward
protracted - moved forward
retracted - moved backward
hands/feet:
dorsiflexion - bending toward shin
plantar flexion - pointing toes
inversion - turning sole to midline
eversion - turning sole away from midline
supination - turning palm to the sky
pronation - turning palm to floor
opposition - movement of pollex to touch the other fingers
6 types of synovial joints
plane
hinge
pivot
condyloid
saddle
ball and socket
plane joint
permits gliding
biaxial movement
(ex. intercarpal/tarsal joints)
hinge joint
permits flexion/extension
uniaxial movement
usually one bone is fixed and the other moves
(eg, knee joint, elbow joint)
pivot joints
uniaxial movement
rounded surface of bone fitted to a ring of a ligament or other bone
(Eg, radioulnar joint, atlanto-axial joint0
condyloid joint
aka ellipsoid joints
permits biaxial movement
flex/extend/ad/adduction/circumduction
(eg, radiocarpal joint)
saddle joint
one bone looks like a saddle/ the other a rider
biaxial movement
flex/ex/ad/ab/circ
(eg, carpometacarpal joint between trapezium and pollex)
ball / socket joint
ball shaped projection fits into cup depression
triaxial movement
flex/ex/ab/ad/circ/rotation
(eg, shoulder, hip joint)
which joint permits the greatest mobility
ball and socket joint
temporomandibular joint (combo of …)
only free movable joint in skull
combination of hinge and plane joint
special joints
temporomandiublar joint
glenohumeral joint
elbow joint
coxal/hip joint
knee joint
temporomandibular joint
- special joint
- only free movable joint in the skull
- combination of hinge and plane joint
- has meniscus that divides synovial cavity into superior and inferior portions
superior portion of mandibular meniscus
permits slight rotation, lateral, displacement, protraction and retraction
top half of synovial cavity
divided by articular disc
inferior portion of mandibular meniscus
permits depression and elevation
bottom half of synovial cavity
divided by articular disc
glenohumeral joint
- ball and socket
- thin/loose articular capsule, important for ROM
- glenoid labrum - fibro rim of glenoid cavity, increases surface area with humerus
- bursae - 4 pads to absorb shock and reduce friction
elbow joint
known as a modified hinge joint (distal end of humerus + ulna, includes pivot joint)
- collateral ligaments - extras that form strong connections between humerus + R and U
- anular ligament - ring like ligament that holds radial head to radial notch of ulna
- bursa at olecranon
coxal joint
ball and socket
- very stable due to # and arrangement of ligaments
- thick articular capsule
- acetabular labrum - fibro lip that prevents dislocation of femur
- lots of extra ligaments - limits ROM but more stable
knee joint
modified hinge (3 joints in one synovial cavity)
- lateral and medial joint - tibia and fibula
- anterior patellafemoral joint
- no articular capsule - muscle tendons serve same function
- cruciate ligaments - X ligaments
- collateral ligaments - side ligaments
- 2 menisci
- few bursae - infrapatellar bursa
glenoid labrum
fibrocartilage lip of the glenoid cavity that increases surface area in contact with humeral head
collateral ligaments
accessory ligaments that form strong connections between humerus radius or ulna
run alongside the joint, elbow and knee mainly
anular ligament
ring like ligament that holds radial head to radial notch of ulna, part of the pivot joint
acetabular labrum
fibrocartilage lip of the acetabulum that prevents displacement of femoral head
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
“front and centre” ligament
PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
behind ACL
arthritis
- osteoarthritis
- progressive loss. of articular cartilage
- results in increased friction between bones
sprains
forceful stretching or tearing of ligament
- no bone dislocation
strains
partially torn or stretched muscle or tendon
PRICE treatment - protection rest ice compression elevation
synostosis vs synarthrosis
synostosis - a type of synarthrosis, an ossified bone or suture
synarthrosis - any immobile/immovable joint
opposition
ability to touch fingers with pollex
what group of joints do sydesmoses belong to
fibrous
what group of joints do sutures belong to
fibrous
what group of joints do synchondroses belong to
cartilagenous
what group of joints do gomphoses belong to
fibrous
what group of joints do symphyses belong to
cartilagenous
example of synchondrosis
first sternocostal joint between first rib and sternum
