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Biol 1190 > lecture 14 > Flashcards

lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

five main types of blood vessels

A

arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins

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2
Q

layers of blood vessels are called

A

tunics

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3
Q

tunica interna

A

endothelial lining in direct contact with blood

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4
Q

tunica media

A

intermediate layer of smooth muscle and CT

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5
Q

tunica externa

A

surrounding CT layer

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6
Q

tunica interna function

A

facilitates exchange by diffusion
- contains large pores to allow large molecules to diffuse

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7
Q

what surrounds the endothelium of blood vessels and what does it do

A

basement membrane that anchors it down and provides strength

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8
Q

tunica media function

A

varies between vessel type

mediates vasoconstriction and vasodilation
- makes vessels extensible and elastic

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9
Q

tunica externa function + facts

A

contains many nerves
- made of collagen and elastic fibres

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10
Q

vasa vasorum

A

tiny vessels that service the smooth muscle of big vessels like the aorta

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11
Q

capillary layers

A

tunica interna
basement membrane

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12
Q

elastic arteries

A

made of elastic fibres in tunica media/interna and a thin layer of smooth muscle
- push blood from the heart during diastole

near the heart, allows them to maintain constant pressure

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13
Q

pressure reservoir

A

blood stretches elastic fibres in tunica media and interna

creates potential energy for blood to move

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14
Q

example of elastic arteries

A

aorta, pulmonary trunk

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15
Q

muscular arteries

A

thicker layer of smooth muscle
- loose tunica externa (allows constriction/dilation)
- aka distributing arteries

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16
Q

why are muscular arteries aka distributing arteries

A

because they move blood into smaller arterioles

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17
Q

anastomoses definition

A

places that vessels of related function joint one another

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18
Q

anastomoses function

A

provide bypass methods for blood to tissues during collateral circulation

(eg. large intestine, many branches of arteries stemming from the celiac trunk)

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19
Q

end arteries

A

arteries without anastomoses

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20
Q

necrosis

A

messy tissue death

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21
Q

example of an end artery

A

brachial artery

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22
Q

arterioles

A

microscopic arteries

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23
Q

arteriole make up

A

50% of diameter is wall
has elastic lamina in tunica interna
- tunica media - 1-2 layers of ring shaped smooth muscle`

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24
Q

metarterioles

A

narrowed sections of arterioles

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25
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

can pinch of capillaries

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26
Q

nerves in the tunica externa of metarterioles function to:

A

regulate vessel diameter

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27
Q

capillary structure

A

lack tunica externa and media

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28
Q

capillary bed

A

a branch of metarterioles that lead into 10-100 capillaries

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29
Q

routes for blood to go from metarterioles to venules

A
  • through capillaries
  • through a thoroughfare channel
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30
Q

route for blood - through capillaries
(+exit and what teh circulation is called)

A

blood enters capillary bed
- exits via postcapillary venules
- called microcirculation

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31
Q

vasomotion

A

contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters to regulate blood flow through the beds

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32
Q

route for blood - through a thoroughfare channel

A

permits direct flow from metarteriole to venule

sphincters are closes, one way passage, blood does not to to extensive branches of capillaries

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33
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoids

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34
Q

continuous capillaries

A
  • smooth continuous epithelium
  • no holes, just intercellular clefts
  • found in organs of CNS, lungs, muscle, and skin
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35
Q

intercellular clefts

A

division points in capillaries between adjacent endothelial cells

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36
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A
  • endothelium has pores called fenestrations that permit diffusion of proteins and such
  • found in kidneys, small intestine villi, eyes, endocrine glands
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37
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

wider and twistier
- little/no basement membrane
- large pores
- where RBCs enter circulation from bone marrow
- found in liver, spleen, and other glands

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38
Q

fenestrations

A

pores found between endothelial cells in capillaries

fenestrated and sinusoid capillaries only

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39
Q

muscular veins can:

A

can withstand lots of pressure

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40
Q

veins - facts

A

10% of diameter is wall
- change shape as they merge
- thick tunica externa that contributes to distensibility
- systemic - act as blood reservoirs

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41
Q

blood reservoirs

A

places in the body that store large amounts of blood

eg. abdominal veins, skin

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42
Q

capillary exchange

A

movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid

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43
Q

3 mechanisms of capillary exchange

A

diffusion
transcytosis
bulk flow

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44
Q

capillary exchange - diffusion

A

through fenestrations, cle

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45
Q

capillary exchange - transcytosis
(eg…)

A
  • rare method
    eg. insulin entering fetal blood stream
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46
Q

capillary exchange - bulk flow

A

collective movement of large volumes of molecules from high pressure to low pressure
- regulates volumes of blood and interstitial fluid
- regulated by fluid pressures

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47
Q

filtration

A

movement from blood into interstitial fluid in bulk flow

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48
Q

reabsorption

A

movement from interstitial fluid into blood in bulk flow

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49
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

difference between filtration and reabsorption

this is what bulk flow is driven by

50
Q

NFP consists of (2)

A

hydrostatic and osmotic pressures

51
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)

A

pressure of water in blood plasma pushing on endothelium

  • caused by forceful ejection of blood from ventricles
  • higher at arterial end than venous end in capillaries

biggest force in filtration

52
Q

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)

A

pressure of water from interstitial fluid pushing on basement membrane of capillaries

  • very weak
  • constant pressure across all ends
  • weak force in reabsorption
53
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

A

pressure exerted on solutes and proteins in blood that pulls on water in interstitial fluid

  • constant across due to constant protein in blood
  • strongest force in reabsorption
54
Q

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)

A

pressure exerted by solutes in interstitial fluid that pulls on water in blood plasma

  • very weak force in filtration
55
Q

forces of bulk flow (mmHG)

A

BHP - 35/16mmHg out
IFHP - 1 mmHg in
BCOP - 26 mmHg in
IFOM - 0 mmHg out

56
Q

Net filtration pressure equation

A

NFP = (BHP+IFOP) - (BCOP+IFHP)

NFP = (filtration) - (absorption)

taken at both the arterial and venous ends

57
Q

what happens to filtered fluid?

A

85% is reabsorbed
15% taken up by lymph vessels and returned to circulation

58
Q

edema

A

increase in interstitial fluid volume

59
Q

lymph edema

A

failed of lymphatic vessels to filter properly

60
Q

how can protein deficiency lead to edema

A

lack of protein will cause a decrease in BCOP, meaning a decrease in reabsorption, leaving a higher chance for fluid buildup

61
Q

hemodynamics

A

the study of the forces that affect blood flow in the body

62
Q

blood flow

A

volume of blood flowing through a given tissue at a given time in mL/min

total blood flow = CO

63
Q

perfusion

A

extent of blood flow to a particular area

64
Q

what modulates blood flow? (2)

A

blood pressure
vascular resistance

65
Q

blood pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts on blood vessel walls
- highest in aorta
- generated by contraction of the ventricles

66
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

highest BP in arteries during cardiac systole

67
Q

diastolic BP

A

lower BP in arteries during cardiac diastole

68
Q

units for blood pressure

A

millimetres of mercery

mmHg

69
Q

arterial end of capillaries mmHg

A

35

70
Q

venous end of capillaries mmHg

A

16

71
Q

entry into the right atrium mmHg

A

0

72
Q

factors that affect blood pressure

A

changes of blood volume over 10%

73
Q

if you are retaining a lot of water, what happens to BP

A

increases

74
Q

resistance

A

forces of friction that oppose blood flow through a vessel

75
Q

vascular resistance is affected by: (3)

A

diameter of vessel lumen
blood viscosity
total vessel length

76
Q

how does lumen diameter affect vascular resistance?

A

if the lumen is smaller, there is more surface area, more blood touches the lumen walls, increasing resistance

77
Q

increased VR =

A

increase BP

78
Q

how could the body increase the rate of venous return?

A

it could pump blood more forcefully from the heart
- exercise
- if BP increased at right atrium, rate of venous return would DROP

79
Q

how does blood return to the heart when we sleep?

A

the respiratory pump

80
Q

what increases venous return? (4)

A

increases blood volume
skeletal pump
respiratory pump
vasoconstriction

81
Q

what increases heart rate (2)

A

decreased parasympathetic impulses
- increased sympathetic impulses and hormone release (fight of flight)

82
Q

what increases stroke volume (2)

A

increased venous return
- increased parasympathetic impulses (decreased HR)

83
Q

what increases cardiac output (2)

A

heart rate
stroke volume

84
Q

what increases blood viscosity

A

increased number of red blood cells

85
Q

what increases total blood vessel length

A

increased body size as in obesity

86
Q

what increases systemic vascular resistance (3)

A

increased blood viscosity
increased vessel length
decreased vessel radius (vasoconstriction)

87
Q

what increases mean arterial pressure (2)

A

increased cardiac output
increase vascular resistance

88
Q

blood velocity

A

the speed at which blood flows

89
Q

what influences blood velocity

A

vascular resistance

90
Q

why is blood flow slow in capillaries

A

greater surface area = increases resistance

91
Q

cardiovascular centre can signal for increased or decreased: (2+1)

A

heart rate
heart contractility

can also stimulate vaso dilation/constriction

92
Q

RAA (renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system) affect on blood pressure

A

increases BP by decreasing urination

93
Q

epinephrine/norepinephrine affect on BP

A

increase BP by increasing calcium in cytosol of cells

94
Q

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) affect on BP

A

increases BP by vasoconstriction

95
Q

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) affect on BP

A

decreases BP by vasodilation and decrease reabsorption in kidneys

96
Q

autoregulation of flow

A

blood vessels can change their own physiology to meet metabolic demand

97
Q

2 inputs of autoregulation

A

physical changes
vasoconstrictors/dilators

98
Q

physical constrictors - input of autoregulation

A

stretching of an elastic artery or vein
increased organ activity = more blood to that organ

99
Q

vasodilators/constrictors - input of autoregulation

A

substances that increase/decrease vessel diameter (NO, K+)

100
Q

systemic vs pulmonary - response to low O2

A

systemic - dilates to increase tissue perfusion

pulmonary - constricts to ensure only undamaged alveoli are used to oxygenate blood

101
Q

shock

A

lack of o2 and nutrients to meet the bodies needs

must affect whole body

102
Q

different kinds of shock (6)

A

hypovolemic shock
cardiogenic shock
anaphylatic
neurogenic
septic
obstructive

103
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

cause by excessive dehydration

output - decrease blood vol

104
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

damage to the heart

output - inability to pump

105
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

excessive histamine production and vasodilators

output - decreased BP

106
Q

neurogenic shock

A

head trauma

output - inability to sense and respond to BP changes

107
Q

septic shock

A

bacterial toxins cause excessive vasodilation

output - decreased BP

108
Q

obstructive shock

A

block to circulation

109
Q

physiological responses to shock (4)

A

stimulate RAA pathway (increase blood vol)

release ADH (increase blood vol)

stimulate sympathetic nervous responses (vasoconstriction/dilation)

release local vasodilators (increase blood flow to specific tissues)

110
Q

hypertension and its risks

A

persistently elevated BP

increased risk of heart failure, kidney disease, strokes

90-95% of cases are untraceable

111
Q

circulatory routes (2)

A

systemic
pulmonary

112
Q

function of systemic circulation

A

distribute O2 blood from left ventricle to all the bodys tissues

returns deoxy blood to the right atrium

113
Q

4 arteries that service the head

A

vertebral arteries (2)
carotid arteries (2)

114
Q

what ensures the brain is perfused properly

A

the great number of anastomoses in the brain

115
Q

carotid-basilar artery anastomosis

A

joining of the posterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries to the basilar artery

116
Q

hepatic portal circulation

A

carries blood from GI tract to liver

117
Q

hepatic capillaries are mostly

A

sinusoids

118
Q

proper hepatic artery

A

brings oxy blood to the liver

119
Q

pulmonary circulation function

A

brings deoxy blood from right ventricle to the alveoli for oxygenation

routes oxy blood to the left atrium

DOES NOT provide oxygen to the lung tissues

120
Q

bronchial circulation

A

oxygenates lung tissues

121
Q

the placenta is formed from both:

A

maternal and fetal tissues

Biol 1190 (31 decks)

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