Paramphistomum spp. (1)

Question 1

What are the final hosts?

Answer 1

Cattle

Sheep

Goats

Deer

Beefalo

Antelope

Question 2

What is the intermediate host?

Answer 2

Snail

Question 3

Describe adults

Answer 3

1 cm long

Conic in shape

Pink

Ventral sucker at the posterior end of the body

Question 4

Describe eggs

Answer 4

Up to 130 micro m long

Less yellow in color

Operculum

130-180 micro m

Question 5

Explain life cycle

Answer 5

Unembryonated eggs passed in feces

Embryonated eggs in water

Miracidia hatch, penetrate snail

Snail development
- Sporocysts -> Rediae -> Cercariae

Leave snail

Free-swimming Cercariae encyst on water plants

Metacercariae on water plant ingested by human, sheep, cattle

Adults in hepatic biliary ducts

Development in final host occurs entirely in alimentary tract

Immature stage in duodenum for about 6 weeks

Worms encyst in rumen

Immature stage penetrates mucosa, migrates anteriorly to abomasum, exits mucosa, enters lumen, moves to rumen, develops to adult

PPP: 7-10 weeks

Question 6

What is the predilection site?

Answer 6

Rumen

Question 7

Describe the Pathogenesis

Answer 7

Adult parasites well tolerated

Migrating juveniles cause:
     - Enteritis (severe)
     - Hemorrhages 
     - Diarrhea
     - Anorexia
     - Depression
     - Dehydration 
     - Anemia
     - Bottle jaw
     - Can lead to secondary infections with Clostridium spp. (Can be 
        fatal)

Question 8

How do you diagnose?

Answer 8

Clinical signs - young animals with a history grazing around snail
habitats

Eggs are usually not found due to the acute disease occurs during the prepatent period

Question 9

How do you treat and prevent?

Answer 9

Cattle and sheep - Resorantel and Oxyclozande effective against both
mature and immature stages

Control - avoid snails and contaminated pastures

Question 10

What are the common names?

Answer 10

Rumen fluke

Stomach flukes