Paeds Cardiology (murmurs in children) Flashcards
What is pulmonary atresia?
When the pulmonary valve doesn’t form properly making it hard for blood to oxygenate
What is coarctation of the aorta?
Causes a narrow aorta leading to decreased blood flow to the lower body
What is cardiac transposition?
When the aorta and pulmonary artery are switched causing coronary stenoses, distortion of the pulmonary arteries, dilatation of the neoaortic root, and aortic regurgitation
If untreated, 90% will die within a year
What are the signs of heart disease in children?
Pulse oximetry difference in upper/lower limbs can suggest shunts
What is atrial-septal defect?
When there’s a hole in the septum of the heart
What is atrio-ventricular septal defect?
When there are holes between the chambers which disrupt blood flow
It’s common with Down’s syndrome
What is a patent ductus arteriosus?
A congenital birth defect when the foetal blood flow with the ductus arteriosus doesn’t develop into an adult one so the hole remains
What is a cardiac lesion?
A structural abnormality in the heart present at birth
What is a tetralogy of fallot?
A combination of 4 chamber defects:
- Ventricular septal defect
- Overriding aorta
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
What is an overriding aorta?
When the aorta is positioned directly over a ventricular septal defect, instead of over the left ventricle
Results in the aorta receives some blood from the right ventricle, which reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood
What is total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage?
When the pulmonary veins drain into the wrong side
Causes mixing of oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood
What are the signs a baby presents with when there’s a cardiac abnormality?
Tachypnoea
High HR
Murmur
Cyanosis
Enlarged liver
Raised JVP
Basal crepitations
What is Kawasaki disease?
Causes inflammation in blood vessels throughout the body
Symptoms: fever, erythema in mouth, lymphadenopathy, inflamed hands and feet, inflamed conjunctiva
What is rheumatic fever?
An inflammatory condition that affects the heart, joints, brain, and skin
Happens following infections like scarlet fever
What is COVID heart?
Inflammation of the heart and the linings
