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Year 4 > Ophthalmic emergencies > Flashcards

Ophthalmic emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the symptoms of anterior eye problems

A

Red and painful

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of posterior eye problems

A

White, painless, visual loss

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3
Q

What is the different between the discharge of viral, bacterial, and allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Viral: watery
Bacterial: purulent
Allergic: springy

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4
Q

What is exotropia?

A

When one eye deviates outwards

If its a photo, you can tell because one eye will have the the light reflection and the other won’tw

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5
Q

What is age-related macula degeneration?

A

The eye looses it’s ability to filter out metabolites over time so they build up in the eye

Causes a blur in the central vision

Can be wet or dry (dry can turn into wet and wet develops faster)

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6
Q

What are Dot/blot haemorrhages with hard exudate?

A

Diabetic retinopathy signs

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7
Q

What is neo-vacuolisation of ophthalmology?

A

When new blood vessels grow after trauma like infection

They can leak and cause vision loss

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8
Q

What is drusen?

A

Deposits of lipids, proteins, and cellular debris which are found within the layers of the retina

Appear as white-yellow dots on an eye scan

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9
Q

What is copper wiring of vessels?

A

When the walls of the arterioles become thickened and sclerosed and reflect more light on examination

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10
Q

What are the risk factors for acute angle-closure glaucoma?

A

Increasing age
Family history
Female (four times more likely than males)
Chinese and East Asian ethnic origin
Shallow anterior chamber

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11
Q

What are the different types of glaucoma?

A
  • Open-angle glaucoma: chronic progressive increase in pressure. It’s irreversible
  • Angle-closure glaucoma: sudden increase in pressure
  • Congenital glaucoma: caused by incorrect development of the eye’s drainage system
  • Secondary glaucoma: when the cause of the eye’s pressure increase is obvious Eg. injury, inflammation, steroids, cataract, diabetes
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12
Q

What is a cataract?

A

When the lens develops cloudy patches

Treated with replacement of the lens

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13
Q

What is microbial keratitis?

A

A corneal ulcer, a sight threatening infection and inflammation of the eye
- More common in contact lens users

Symptoms: worsening pain, discharge, conjunctivitis

Treatment: topical antimicrobials and analgesics

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14
Q

What is a corneal abrasion?

A

A scratch on the cornea

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15
Q

What is hypopyon?

A

The accumulation of white blood cells that form a whitish layer of fluid in the lower portion of the eye’s anterior chamber

Indicates severe inflammation/infection

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16
Q

Which type of chemical eye injury is most sevre?

A

Alkali burns because they penetrate deeper. Acid coagulates proteins, forming a protective barrier

17
Q

How are suspected chemical burns treated

A

The eye is irrigated until pH neutralises before any examination takes place

18
Q

What are some clinical findings of a chemical injury to the eye?

A

Conjunctival hyperaemia: red and dilated vessels

Corneal haze: marked haze with an impaired view of the underlying iris and pupil implies severe injury. A clear cornea with an unimpaired view indicates milder injury and a better prognosis

Blanched blood vessels: areas of blanched blood vessels along the corneoscleral junction indicates limbal ischaemia

19
Q

What is a retinoblastoma?

A

When the retinal nerve cells grow uncontrollably due to an inherited mutation in the RB1 gene on chromosome 13

20
Q

What are the clinical features of retinoblastoma?

A
  • Unilateral/bilateral vision loss
  • Strabismus
  • Leukocoria (white pupil appearance)
  • Red and painful eye
  • Bulging of eye
21
Q

What is Strabismus?

A

Misalignment of the eye causing one to deviate to the side while the other eye remains focused

22
Q

What is the treatment for retinoblastoma?

A
  • Chemotherapies for large tumours
  • Local therapies like cryo/laser therapy for smaller tumours
  • Radiotherapy
  • Surgical removal of eye
23
Q

What is the prognosis for retinoblastoma?

A

5-year survival: 97%

Death is rare and mostly caused by spread of tumours via the meninges or optic nerve

24
Q

What is the most common intraocular cancer in children?

A

Retinoblastoma

25
Q

What is hyphaema?

A

Haemorrhage in the anterior chamber caused by blunt trauma to the eye

Year 4 (100 decks)

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