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Year 4 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

How do beta-lactam antibiotics work?

A

They disrupt bacterial wall synthesis

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2
Q

What is another name for phenoxymethylpenicillin?

A

Pen V

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3
Q

What are the side effects of penicillins?

A

GI disturbance
- diarrhoea and vomiting

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4
Q

What is Pen V used for?

A
  • Otitis media
  • Sinusitis
  • Group A streptococcus
  • Rheumatic fever
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5
Q

What penicillin is prescribed for cellulitis?

A

Flucloxacillin

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6
Q

Give examples of tetracycline antibiotics

A

Doxycycline
Lymecycline
Oxytetracycline

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7
Q

How do tetracyclines work?

A

They block mRNA translating to stop replication of bacteria

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8
Q

What are the side effects of tetracyclines?

A
  • GI disturbance
  • Tooth discolouration
  • Enamel hypoplasia
  • Deposits in bones
  • Photosensitivity
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9
Q

What are the contraindications for tetracyclines?

A
  • Children under 12
  • Teratogenic
  • Secretes into breast milk
  • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
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10
Q

What counselling needs to be given when prescribing tetracycline antibiotics?

A
  • They’re prone to chelation making them less effective so shouldn’t be taken with antacids or iron supplements
  • Requires loading doses, so the initial dose is higher than the rest
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11
Q

Give examples of macrolide antibiotics

A

-Mycin ones

Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin

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12
Q

How do macrolide antibiotics work?

A

They inhibit mRNA translation to stop bacterial replication

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13
Q

When are macrolides commonly used?

A

As 2nd line in penicillin allergy

  • Similar indications to penicillin’s
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14
Q

What are the side effects of macrolides?

A

Usually well tolerated

  • GI disturbance
  • Causes prolonged GT interval
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15
Q

What are the drug interactions of macrolide antibiotics?

A

Drygs metabolised by the CYP enzymes of the liver
Eg. Warfarin

Also increased risk of rhabdomyalysis if given with statins

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16
Q

Which antibiotics are known to cause C.diff infection?

A

4 C’s:
- Co-amoxiclav
- Clindamycin
- Cephalosporins
- Ciprofloxacin

17
Q

How is C.diff infection treated?

A

Oral vancomycin for 10 days and hydration

18
Q

Give examples of quinolone antibiotics

A

Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin

19
Q

How do quinolone antibiotics work?

A

They inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis

20
Q

What is ciprofloxacin used for?

A

(Drops) bacterial conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, acute otitis externa

Pseudomonas in CF, meningococcal meningitis

21
Q

What are the side effects of quinolone antibiotics?

A
  • GI disturbance
  • Lowered seizure threshold
  • damage to muscle tendons
  • Prolonged QT interval
22
Q

What are the contraindications of quinolone antibiotics?

A
  • G6PD deficiency
  • Pregnancy/ breast feeding
23
Q

What is trimethoprim also known as?

A

Co-trimoxazole

24
Q

What are the indications for trimethoprim?

A
  • Uncomplicated UTI, an alternative to nitrofurantoin and amoxicillin
  • Acute pyelonephritis
  • Acute prostatitis
  • Acute diverticulitis
  • Treatment and prophylaxis for PCP in HIV
25
Q

How does trimethoprim work?

A

It inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor to reduce bacterial growth

Bacteria require folate but it can’t be external

26
Q

Give examples of sulflanomides

A

Sulphamethooxazole

27
Q

What are the side effects of folate synthesis inhibiting antibiotics?

A

Eg, trimethoprim and sulfonamides

  • Anaphylaxis
  • Drug fever
  • Impair haematopoiesis resulting in pancytopenia
  • Increased risk of hyperkalaemia and renal impairment
  • Teratogenic in first trimester or pregnancy
28
Q

What is nitrofurantoin used for?

A

Prophylaxis and treatment of UTI’s

29
Q

How does Nitrofurantoin work?

A

It’s reduced into an active form in acidic urine that impairs bacterial DNA

30
Q

What are the side effects of nitrofurantoin?

A
  • Hypersensitivity reactions
  • Discolouration of urine to dark yellow or brown
  • Prolonged use can lead to hepatitis, pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and peripheral neuropathy
  • Teratogenic in 3rd trimester
31
Q

What class of antibiotic is metronidazole under?

A

Nitroimidazole

32
Q

What is metronidazole used to treat?

A
  • Dental abscess
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Bacterial vaginosis
  • H.pylori
  • PID
  • Rosacea
33
Q

How does metronidazole work?

A

It passively diffuses through the cell wall of bacteria and it reduced into into active form causing inhibition of DNA synthesis and DNA degradation

Aerobic bacteria are not susceptible to it because they can’t reduce the drug into the active form

34
Q

What are the side effects of metronidazole?

A
  • GI disturbance
  • Metallic taste
  • Prolonged use can lead to optic neuritis, seizures, and peripheral neuropathy
  • Bad reaction when mixed with alcohol
35
Q

What is the management of cellulitis?

A

Class 1 (patient lacks systemic symptoms)
- Oral antibiotics in outpatients

Class2 (patient with comorbid condition that affects recovery)
- Oral/IV antibiotics in outpatients

Class 3 (limb-threatening condition and systemic symptoms)
- Hospitalisation for IV antibiotics

Class 4 (severe infection/sepsis)
- Urgent hospitalisation and multiple therapy and specialist consultation

36
Q

When is ceftriaxone used?

A

Eg. meningitis

It crosses the blood-brain barrier

37
Q

What is fusidic acid?

A

It’s an antibiotic

Year 4 (100 decks)

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