P/S Section Bank AAMC Flashcards
Ignore vs Repress
- ignoring is a concious, controlled process, and repression is not. Repression is generally used in the context of Freud/
When you are shadowing an attended ear (while the other ear is given a dif stimulus) and repeating the letters you hear, why is this not considered recall
recall is used in the context of short and long term memory. if you are listening to a sequence of numbers in an attended ear and repeat each number upon first hearing it, it is not enough time to transfer to short term memory, you are relying on sensory memory.
when you repeat instantly, the memory hasn’t actually been encoded yet.
Verbal info inputs to the LEFT ear, which first go to the ____ cortex in the ___ hemisphere, must be processed by the language areas of the _____ hemisphere.
Verbal inputs to the left ear, which first go to the auditory cortex in the right hemisphere, must be processed by the language areas of the left hemisphere.
Researchers used a task in which participants were required to focus attention on one of two different messages, presented simultaneously, one to each ear. All stimuli were presented on earphones at a subjectively comfortable loudness level.
Participants were instructed to repeat immediately any digits they heard in theattended ear. Most intrusions of digits from the unattended ear occurred when participants were instructed to attend to the left ear. Why?
Verbal inputs to the left ear, which first go to the auditory cortex in the right hemisphere, must be processed by the language areas of the left hemisphere.
- this info needs to “cross over” in the brain a lot more, there is more
divided vs selective attention
divided attention makes you “focus” at multiple things at once, whereas in selective attention, you are presented with multiple stimuli but you only focus on one thing while tuning the rest out.
In mammals, which brain structure is least involved in learning and attention skills?
Frontal lobe
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus– its largely concerned with maintenance of homeostatic equilibrium.
Thalamus is a relay staition of sensory info, and it must be intact in order for sensory info to be converted to sensory memory and then longer term storage (short and long T memory)
Researchers hypothesized that cocaine is pharmacologically activein the primate fetal brain when pregnant primates are administered cocaine at doses typically used by human drug users. Which experimental observation best supports their hypothesis?
A. Glucose metabolism in the fetal brain increased.
B. Imaging studies showed that cocaine entered the fetal circulation.
C. The fetus had an increase in tolerance to pain.
D. Imaging studies showed increased internalization of dopamine receptors.
A. Glucose metabolism in the fetal brain increased.
- cocaine is a stimulate and thus will increase metabolism which will be reflected in glucose burning rates. B is incorrect because transport of cocaine into the blood stream does not necessarily mean that the compound is active. C is subjective and it is not proven that the fetus is mature enough to feel pain.
D is incorrect because if the receptors were internalized,DA could not be pharmacologically active. Neurtransmitteres bind to receptors on the outside,not inside, or neurons.
**Some drugs do promote the internalization of receptors upon binding to too many of them (ex/ mu-opioids)
Instinctual drift
the tendency of an animal, of any species, to revert to unconscious and automatic behaviour that interferes with operant conditioning and the learned responses that come with it.
___ _____ is the gradual disappearance of the learned behavior because the behavior isn’t being reinforced anymore.
OPERANT EXTINCTION
hindsight bias
knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, refers to the common tendency for people to perceive events that have already occurred as having been more predictable than they actually were before the events took place.
two types of declarative memory
1) episodic: “its all about me” - i had a salad for lunch today
2) semantic: “just the facts” - paris is the capital of france.
agent of socialization
factors that aid in the socialization and the understanding of norms in an individual. Ex/ school, family, peers and media.
what is material culture
physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define theirculture. These include homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches, synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories and plants, tools, means of production, goods and products, stores, and so forth
social reproduction
the emphasis on the structures and activities that transmit socialinequality from one generation to the next
cultural lag
the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are often caused by this lag.
what is psychophysical discrimination testing
varying a physical stimulus slightly and observing the effect on a subject’s experience or behavior in order to better understand perceptual processing. (ex change the size slightly between two objects until subject notices a difference)
What is operational span testing
Test to see the general capacity of working memory tasks.
patients are asked to read and verify a simple math problem (is 4/2 -1 = 1?) then read a word after such as SNOW.
- after doing a series of problems and words they are asked to recall the word that followed each operation.
- Predicts verbal abilities and reading comprehension even though the subject is solving a math problem. Argues that it implies a general pool of resources that is used in every type of working memory situation
T/F: you can disconfirm a theory if there are negative correlations between the two variables
FALSE. You cannot disprove a theory if there is a correlation. You must experimentally determine that x factor does not CAUSE the y factor in order to completely rule out a theory.
retro vs proactive interference
retroactive interference: new memories restrain the capacity of old info to be recalled
proactive interference: old memories restrain the capacity of new info to be recalled.
**PORN: Pro-remember the O, Retro- remember the New
Kohlberg studied ___ ____
moral development
In operant conditioning studies, the subject’s motivational state is most typically operationally defined by:
A. observing the subject’s behavior over a long period of time.
B. using a type of reinforcement that the experimenter knows the subject usually likes.
C. depriving the subject of some desirable stimulus item for a period of time.
D. using a novel stimulus that the subject is sure to like.
-C is correct; it involves punishment. (negative punishment: taking something desirable away to reduce the occurrence of a particular behavior.)
A- has nothing to do with reward or punishing, so it can be eliminated
B and D are like the same answer so they can’t be correct
___-____ theory focuses on internal factors in motivation; it posits that people are motivated to take action in order to lessen the state of arousal caused by a physiological need.
____ theory on the other hand, states that people are motivated by external rewards.
Drive reduction theory focuses on internal factors in motivation; it posits that people are motivated to take action in order to lessen the state of arousal caused by a physiological need
Incentive theory on the other hand, states that people are motivated by external rewards.
social vs cultural capital
Cultural capital : refers often to education, skills, and knowledge you gain and these are non-finanncial types of capital
Social capital: you use “who you know” to get ahead
confirmation bias
favoring info that confirms your previously existing beliefs. You specifically look for things that confirm your own ideas rather than looking at all the info objectively.
tendency that people tend to emphasize a persons internal characteristics, rather than external factors, in explaining other people’s behavior
fundamental attribution error.
Conflict theory
The conflict theory, suggested by Karl Marx, claims society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources.
- holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and conformity.
symbolic interactionism vs structual functionalism vs social constructionism
1. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the meaning of “one on one” or “small scale” interactions, and also asserts that individuals assign meaning to certain “symbols” –> MICRO
Ex: a person viewing a white coat as authority
2. Structural functionalism is more of a larger scale view of society, and it asserts that everything that functions in society serves a purpose and works together to reach an “equilibrium”.
Ex: The function of hospitals in society
3. Social constructionism focuses on the things we create as society and assign meaning to.
Ex: Gender is often considered a social construct as it’s a concept society has come up with. Money is a social construct because bills are truly just pieces of paper.
demographic transition theory. Draw graph
The demographic transition theory is a generalised description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another.
relative deprivation theory
lack of resources to sustain the diet, lifestyle, activities and amenities that an individual or group are accustomed to or that are widely encouraged or approved in the society to which they belong.
ex/ someone homeless in canada is impoverished,but is actually rich in other countries.
periphery and semi-periphery countries
Periphery countries have a weak central government with little industrialization, while semi-periphery countries often have a stable government and an expanding middle class, but are not as stable and successful and strong as CORE countries.
a highbirth rate, high death rate, and positive population growth fits in with the ___ stage of the democratic transition theory
FIRST STAGE
sub replacement fertility
Sub-replacement fertility is a total fertility rate (TFR) that (if sustained) leads to each new generation being less populous than the older is any rate below approximately 2.1 children born per woman
___ ___ theory’s basic idea is that people who are socially isolated are especially vulnerable to the appeals of extremist movements.
- social movments are described as dangerous, dysfunctional, irrational, and motivated by suspicious intentions.
MASS SOCIETY THEORY
_____, also known as global optimists, insist that globalisation is occurring now and local cultures are being eradicated due to the increase of international capitalism. They believe that globalisation is a positive action
Hyperglobalists, also known as global optimists, insist that globalisation is occurring now and local cultures are being eradicated due to the increase of international capitalism. They believe that globalisation is a positive action
The involuntary rhythmic contraction of antagonist muscles is known as ____ and is a sign of ____ motor neuron dysfunction.
The involuntary rhythmic contraction of antagonist muscles is known as clonus and is a sign of upper motor neuron dysfunction.
When does stranger anxiety manifest in children?
begins to be expressed around 8 months of age.
What is negative priming and which type of memory does it require?
negative priming is an effect in which prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences the response to the same stimulus.
this process requires IMPLICIT MEMORY
____ ____ addresses decision making via cost-benefit analyses
exchange theory
Is symbolic interactionism micro or macro sociology
micro. it looks at interactions between individuals (ex/ between friends).
Mead believed that people change with their interactions between objects and that we act in a way based on the meaning we’ve assigned to something. What is this principle called?
symbolic interactionism.
_____ functions are the unintended results/consequences of an institution on society (ex/ religion) , while ____ functions are more obvious and expected consequences.
Latent functions are the unintended results/consequences of an institution on society (ex/ religion) , while manifest functions are more obvious and expected consequences.
Thomas theorem
interpretation of a situation causes the action.
_____ view things as constructs made up by the society one lives in
constructionists
A constructionist understanding of gender asserts that categories of gender are:
A. biologically determined and immutable.
B. binary and the product of ingrained socialization processes.
C. fluid and subject to social processes of meaning-making.
D. binary, yet interchangeable depending on context.
C. Constructionists believe that concepts are fluid and are dependent on societal context. Gender is a social construct.
In mead’s philosophical approach to symbolic interactionism, the ____ is the socialized aspect of the person, and the ____ is the active aspect of the person
Mead’s understanding, the “me” is the socialized aspect of the person, and the “I” is the active aspect of the person.
the “Me” disciplines the “I” by holding it back from breaking the law of the community
