P/S Section Bank AAMC Flashcards
Ignore vs Repress
- ignoring is a concious, controlled process, and repression is not. Repression is generally used in the context of Freud/
When you are shadowing an attended ear (while the other ear is given a dif stimulus) and repeating the letters you hear, why is this not considered recall
recall is used in the context of short and long term memory. if you are listening to a sequence of numbers in an attended ear and repeat each number upon first hearing it, it is not enough time to transfer to short term memory, you are relying on sensory memory.
when you repeat instantly, the memory hasn’t actually been encoded yet.
Verbal info inputs to the LEFT ear, which first go to the ____ cortex in the ___ hemisphere, must be processed by the language areas of the _____ hemisphere.
Verbal inputs to the left ear, which first go to the auditory cortex in the right hemisphere, must be processed by the language areas of the left hemisphere.
Researchers used a task in which participants were required to focus attention on one of two different messages, presented simultaneously, one to each ear. All stimuli were presented on earphones at a subjectively comfortable loudness level.
Participants were instructed to repeat immediately any digits they heard in theattended ear. Most intrusions of digits from the unattended ear occurred when participants were instructed to attend to the left ear. Why?
Verbal inputs to the left ear, which first go to the auditory cortex in the right hemisphere, must be processed by the language areas of the left hemisphere.
- this info needs to “cross over” in the brain a lot more, there is more
divided vs selective attention
divided attention makes you “focus” at multiple things at once, whereas in selective attention, you are presented with multiple stimuli but you only focus on one thing while tuning the rest out.
In mammals, which brain structure is least involved in learning and attention skills?
Frontal lobe
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Hypothalamus– its largely concerned with maintenance of homeostatic equilibrium.
Thalamus is a relay staition of sensory info, and it must be intact in order for sensory info to be converted to sensory memory and then longer term storage (short and long T memory)
Researchers hypothesized that cocaine is pharmacologically activein the primate fetal brain when pregnant primates are administered cocaine at doses typically used by human drug users. Which experimental observation best supports their hypothesis?
A. Glucose metabolism in the fetal brain increased.
B. Imaging studies showed that cocaine entered the fetal circulation.
C. The fetus had an increase in tolerance to pain.
D. Imaging studies showed increased internalization of dopamine receptors.
A. Glucose metabolism in the fetal brain increased.
- cocaine is a stimulate and thus will increase metabolism which will be reflected in glucose burning rates. B is incorrect because transport of cocaine into the blood stream does not necessarily mean that the compound is active. C is subjective and it is not proven that the fetus is mature enough to feel pain.
D is incorrect because if the receptors were internalized,DA could not be pharmacologically active. Neurtransmitteres bind to receptors on the outside,not inside, or neurons.
**Some drugs do promote the internalization of receptors upon binding to too many of them (ex/ mu-opioids)
Instinctual drift
the tendency of an animal, of any species, to revert to unconscious and automatic behaviour that interferes with operant conditioning and the learned responses that come with it.
___ _____ is the gradual disappearance of the learned behavior because the behavior isn’t being reinforced anymore.
OPERANT EXTINCTION
hindsight bias
knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, refers to the common tendency for people to perceive events that have already occurred as having been more predictable than they actually were before the events took place.
two types of declarative memory
1) episodic: “its all about me” - i had a salad for lunch today
2) semantic: “just the facts” - paris is the capital of france.
agent of socialization
factors that aid in the socialization and the understanding of norms in an individual. Ex/ school, family, peers and media.
what is material culture
physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define theirculture. These include homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches, synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories and plants, tools, means of production, goods and products, stores, and so forth
social reproduction
the emphasis on the structures and activities that transmit socialinequality from one generation to the next
cultural lag
the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and that social problems and conflicts are often caused by this lag.
what is psychophysical discrimination testing
varying a physical stimulus slightly and observing the effect on a subject’s experience or behavior in order to better understand perceptual processing. (ex change the size slightly between two objects until subject notices a difference)
What is operational span testing
Test to see the general capacity of working memory tasks.
patients are asked to read and verify a simple math problem (is 4/2 -1 = 1?) then read a word after such as SNOW.
- after doing a series of problems and words they are asked to recall the word that followed each operation.
- Predicts verbal abilities and reading comprehension even though the subject is solving a math problem. Argues that it implies a general pool of resources that is used in every type of working memory situation
T/F: you can disconfirm a theory if there are negative correlations between the two variables
FALSE. You cannot disprove a theory if there is a correlation. You must experimentally determine that x factor does not CAUSE the y factor in order to completely rule out a theory.
Kohlberg studied ___ ____
moral development
demographic transition theory. Draw graph
The demographic transition theory is a generalised description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another.
