Kaplan Biology: Chapter 6: The Respiratory System

Question 1

INhalation utilizes ____ intercostal muscles

Answer 1

EXTERNAL intercostal muscles.

Question 2

the _____ covers the flottis during swallowing to ensure that food does not enter the trachea

Answer 2

epiglottis

Question 3

____is the opening into the windpipe, which is responsible for the production of sound. On the other hand, ____ is the cartilaginous flap on top of the ____, which prevents the entering of food into the larynx.

Answer 3

Glottis is the opening into the windpipe, which is responsible for the production of sound. On the other hand, epiglottis is the cartilaginous flap on top of the glottis, which prevents the entering of food into the larynx.

the EPIGLOTTIS acts as a switch between the larynx and the esophagus to permit air to enter the airway to the lungs and food to pass into the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 4

in terms of pressure, outline the process of inhalation

Answer 4

the diaphragm contracts, causing the thoracic cavity to expand. the parietal pleura expands, and then the pressure gradient causes pulmonary pleura and lings to expand.

the lung expansion causes a DECREASE in pressure and an INCREASE in volume. the change in pressure due to volume change as a result of diaphragm pull down makes lung pressure LESS than atmosphere

atmospheric air rushes in to equalize the pressure imbalance– causes inhalation.

Question 5

what is negative pressure breathing

Answer 5

the driving force of inhalation is the relatively negative pressure in the intrapleural space compared with the lungs, causing expansion.

Question 6

exhalation requires ____ intercostal muscles

Answer 6

internal intercostals.

Question 7

what does pulmonary surfactant do

Answer 7

they are amphipathic molecules that can reduce the surface tension in the alveoli, allowing them to remain inflated when the lung is compressed during respiration.

Question 8

pulmonary arteries bring:

Answer 8

deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 9

pulmonary __- bring oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart

Answer 9

pulmonary VEINS

Question 10

outline the Co2 buffer equation

Answer 10

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3- –> H+ + HCO3-

Question 11

nasal cavities contain ____ for immune function

Answer 11

lysozymes.

Question 12

what type of immune cells are found in the respiratory system?

Answer 12

1) Macrophages
2) mast cells with antibodies on their surface that can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals. often involved in allergic reactions.