Kaplan Biology: Chapter 11

Question 1

I band contains only:

Answer 1

thin filaments

Question 2

H band contains only:

Answer 2

thick filaments

Question 3

A band contains:

Answer 3

entire thick filament, with the thin filaments overlapping.

Question 4

motor neurosn release ___ into neuromuscular junction

Answer 4

Ach

Question 5

ach binds to receptors on the sarcolemma, causing ___

Answer 5

depolarization

Question 6

depolarization of the muscle cell membrane causes a muscle ___ ___, which spreads down the sarcolemma to the ___ ____s

Answer 6

causes a muscle AP, which spreads down the sarcolemma to the T TUBULES.

Question 7

when the AP reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca 2+ from voltage gated channels is released into the sarcoplasm. this Ca2+ influx causes:

Answer 7

CALCIUM INDUCED CALCIUM RELEAS from the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM for even further Ca2+ release into the sarcolemma.

Question 8

Ca2+ infux from voltage gated channels and from SR results in calcium binding to ____. What happens next?

Answer 8

binds to troponin. Moves TROPOMYOSIN, exposing the myosin binding sites on the actin filaments.

• myosin then hydrolyzes ATP and BINDS to exposed site on actin.
• causes a powerstroke, then ADP and Pi dissociate from myosin.
• new ATP binds to myosin, causing DETACHMENT of myosin from actin.

Question 9

hydrolysis of ATP to ADP causes ___ of the myosin head

Answer 9

recocking

Question 10

when ADP is bound to myosin:

Answer 10

myosin head binds to actin

Question 11

when ATP is bound to myosin:

Answer 11

myosin dissociates from actin.

Question 12

what happens to myosin with no atp

Answer 12

without ATP, myosin stays bound to actin. results in rigormortis.

Question 13

components of the axial skeleton

Answer 13

skull, vertebra, ribcage and hyoid bone

Question 14

componens of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 14

limb bones, pelvis, pectoral girdle.

Question 15

long bones are part of which “skeleton”? (axial or appendicular)

Answer 15

appendicular. includes all bones besides skull, vertebra, ribcage, pectoral girdle.

Question 16

bones are made from embryonic ___

Answer 16

mesoderm.

Question 17

long bones have a longer portion(____), with nubs on either side (____ and then terminates at ___)

Answer 17

long bones have a longer portion(DIAPHYSES, with nubs on either side (METAPHYSES and then terminates at EPIPHYSES)

Question 18

___ and ___ are full of bone marrow

Answer 18

diaphyses and metaphyses

Question 19

entire bones is coated in a ___ connective tissue

Answer 19

periosteum

Question 20

functional unit of bone

Answer 20

osteon

Question 21

and osteon is aka:

Answer 21

haversian systems

Question 22

each osteon looks like a cross sectional tree trunk, with each circle being called

Answer 22

lamellae (rings)

Question 23

where are osteocytes (bone cells) located?

Answer 23

between lamellae (rings) in each osteon (haversian system), within a LACUNAE.

Question 24

lacunae (houses an osteocyte between lamellae of haversian systems) are interconnected by:

Answer 24

canalculi.

Question 25

haversian vs volkman canals

Answer 25

haversian canals: channels that connect other osteons together LONGITUDINALLY

volkman canals: channels that connect other osteons together TRANSVERSELY.

Question 26

how are haversian and volkman canals interconnected?

Answer 26

via canalculi.

Question 27

role of parathyroid hormone

Answer 27

causes bone RESORPTION. Releases more Ca2+ into the blood.

Question 28

role of vit D

Answer 28

promotes bone resorption.

Question 29

role of calcitonin

Answer 29

causes bone GROWTH. released by thyroid in response to too much Ca2+ in blood.

Question 30

most bones are formed via ___ ossification. What is this?

Answer 30

endochondral ossification: cartilage turning into bone –> occurs in the long bones.

Question 31

how do skull bones form, in comparison to long bones, whcih form via endochondral ossification?

Answer 31

skull bones form via intramembranous ossification via embryonic tissue (mesenchyme)

Question 32

a ____ capsule encloses the joint and joint cavity

Answer 32

SYNOVIAL CAPSULE

Question 33

____ cartilage prevents two bones from rubbing against each other.

Answer 33

articular cartilage.

Question 34

what is in between the articular cartilage pieces that “cup” each end of the bone and prevent rubbing?

Answer 34

synovial fluid.

Question 35

____ in the synovial capsule (encloses the joint and joint cavity) secretes synovial fluid

Answer 35

synovium

Question 36

adductor muscles moves a part of the body ____ the midline

Answer 36

TOWARDS the midline

Question 37

abductor muscle moves a part of the body ____ from the midline

Answer 37

AWAY from the midline

(BADT) –> aB-Away, aD-Towards.