Kaplan Biology: Chapter 8 Immune System

Question 1

innate immunity

Answer 1

nonspecific immunity in which defenses are always active against infection

Question 2

slower-acting immune system in which defenses target a specific pathogen

Answer 2

adaptive immunity.

Question 3

two types of adaptive immunity

Answer 3

1) humoral

2) cell-mediated.

Question 4

spleen is where ___ cells are stored and activated. What do these cells turn into?

Answer 4

storage of B cells, which turn into PLASMA CELL to produce antibodies as part of adaptive immunity.

Question 5

in addition to the spleen, where else can B cells get activated?

Answer 5

in the lymph nodes.

Question 6

site of T cell maturation and storage

Answer 6

thymus

Question 7

although different leukocytes get stored in different areas of the body, where do all leukocytes get originally produced?

Answer 7

in the bone marrow.

Question 8

leukocytes are divided into ____ and ____

Answer 8

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 9

both granulocytes and agranulocytes originate from ____ ___ cells

Answer 9

hematopoietic stem cells.

Question 10

name the granulocytes and agranulocytes

Answer 10

granulocytes: neutophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes: lymphocytes(B cells, Natural killer cells), monocytes(macrophages)

Question 11

What is a complement and what type of immunity does it play a role in?

Answer 11

involved in INNATE immunity. a complement is a type of protein that punch holes in the cell walls of bacteria, maknig them osmotically unstable.

Question 12

____ are part of the innate immune system and protects against viruses by preventing DNA viral replication

Answer 12

interferons.

Question 13

Difference between (+) sense and (-) sense viruses

Answer 13

Positive sense RNA viruses are single stranded RNA viruses whose RNA can function leads to protein synthesis from that mRNA.

Negative sense RNA viruses must first have their genome transcribed into positive sense RNA (usually by an RNA polymerase contained within the virion) and then can have that RNA turned into mRNA-> protein.

The main difference here is that positive sense RNA viruses have genetic material which can be directly converted into mRNA and then protein, while negative sense viruses usually have to carry an extra piece of cellular machinery that can turn their genome in a viable strand that can produce protein.

Question 14

what is the positive sense strand in DNA? the negative sense?

Answer 14

the one that runs 5’ to 3’ is positive. the negative sense strand is 3’ to 5’. in a negative strand, complimentary positive 5’ to 3’ strand must be synthesized by the virus in order for it to be made into a protein.

Question 15

HIV is a retrovirus with +sense ssRNA as its genome, which can be directly translated to the viral protein if necessary since it is oriented in the 5’ - 3’ direction. What must it do if it wants to incorporate itself into the host genome? What enzymes are involved?

Answer 15

it cannot incorporate directly because the virus is RNA, and it needs to become DNA.

it uses REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE, which will read the 5’ to 3’ RNA and create complimentary DNA, from 5’ to 3’. Then, it makes another complimentary DNA strand from 5’ to 3’, flips it around, and creates a DOUBLE STRANDED DNA

then integrates creates sticky ends on the 3’ ends of the newly synthesized double stranded DNA and integrates it into the host genome.

Question 16

which type of RNA (positive or negative) can be directly translated into a protein?

Answer 16

a positive sense RNA (one that is 5’ to 3’).

Question 17

___ contains an MHC complex protein that holds pieces of invader to the cell surface after its been phagocytosed, displaying the antigen to other cells.

Answer 17

macrophages. phagocytoses an antigen and then pushes pieces of it out so it can be detected by Bcells, which will then form antibodies against it.

Question 18

2 classes of MHC complexes

Answer 18

1) class 1, the endogenous pathway. binds to antigens from the inside of the macrophage ex/ from viruses
2) class 2, the exogenous pathway that involves phagocytosing the bacterial infection and displaying the antigens.

Question 19

dendritic cells are a type of:

Answer 19

macrophage

Question 20

a natural killer cell is a type of ____. what part of the immune system is it involved in and what does it do.

Answer 20

type of lymphocyte. induces apoptosis in virally infected by detecting the downregulation of MHCI complexes, which are normally seen in healthy cells

Question 21

healthy cells exhibit ___ molecules. Viral infection or cancer can cause the reduction of MHCI expression, which triggers NK cells to induce apoptosis

Answer 21

exhibit MHC1 cells

Question 22

granulocytes are from ___ stem cells

Answer 22

myeloid stem cells

Question 23

most populous leukocyte

Answer 23

neutrophils.

Question 24

role of neutrophiles

Answer 24

they phagocytose things and then opsonized (targeted for break down) when their antigens are marked with an antibody from a B cell.

Question 25

_____ fight against parasites and release a large amount of histamines

Answer 25

eosinophils

Question 26

basophil purpose

Answer 26

releases histamines and creates mast cells involved in allergy response

Question 27

antibodies are produced as part of ____ immunity and are made by ___ cells

Answer 27

part of humoral immunity, made by B cells

Question 28

How do Naive B cells produce antibodies?

Answer 28

B cells are not constantly active. They wait in the lymph nodes for their particular antigen to come along, when they are exposed to the antigen, B cells will proliferate and produce 2 types of daughter cells

1) plasma cells: produces antibodies
2) memory B cells: stay in the lymph node and away re exposure to the same antigen

Question 29

isotype switching

Answer 29

cells can switch isoform of antibody they produce when they are stimulated by cytokines

Question 30

cell mediated/cytotoxic immunity involves ___ cells

Answer 30

T cells

Question 31

what is positive selection in terms of cell mediated immunity?

Answer 31

+ selection is the maturing only of cells that can respond to the presentation of an antigen on MHC

Question 32

what is negative selection in terms of cell mediated immunity?

Answer 32

causing apoptosis in cells that are self-reactive: activated by proteins produced by the organism itself.

Question 33

____ T Cells secretes lymphokines which can recruit other immune cells, activate macrophages and activate B cells

Answer 33

helper t cells

Question 34

helper t cells are aka

Answer 34

CH4+ cells

Question 35

____ T cells directly kills virally infected cells. What deactivates them?

Answer 35

cytotoxic T cells. aka CD8+. they get deactivated in the thymus.

Question 36

___ T cells tone down the immune response once infection has been contained

Answer 36

regulatory

Question 37

T cells and B cells both come ___ precursors

Answer 37

lymphocyte precursors

Question 38

bacterial infections:

extracellular bacteria get trapped by ___ complex and get presented on the surface of macrophages. Then what?

Answer 38

MHCII complex. macrophages than produce cytokines which attract inflammatory cells like neutrophils and additional macrophages. Mast cells are also recruited.

macrophages travel to the nearest lymph node, where naive B cells are located. The naive B cells will produce antibodies and memory b cells. Helper T cells will also be activated

Question 39

viral infections:

viral particles get trapped by the ___ complex and get presented on the surface of the macrophages. then whay?

what other part of the innate immune system is at play for combatting against viral infections?

Answer 39

MHCI complex ( the endogenous complex). CD8+ cells (killer t cells) recognize the MHCI complex and injects toxins into the cell to promote apoptosis.

interferons are also involved

Question 40

T/F: Active immunity is very short lived

Answer 40

false. active immunity is the making of antibodies upon expsure to specific pathogens. it requires time to build, but it lasts long.

Question 41

T/F: Passive immunity is short lived.

Answer 41

true. passive immunity is the transfer of antibodies to an individual through breastmilk or placenta. it is acquired immediately but it is short lived.

Question 42

which bodily system is involved in B cell maturation?

Answer 42

lymphatic system. They host sites of B cell maturation in collections of GERMINAL CENTERS.

Question 43

lymphocytes arise from ___ stem lines, whic later form __ and __ cells

Answer 43

lymphocytes arise from lymphoid cell lines (as opposed to myeloid stem lines that form granulocytes), and later form B and T cells. also forms natural killer cells.