Kaplan Biology: Chapter 10

Question 1

in a healthy person, urine should be ___tonic to blood

Answer 1

HYPERtonic to blood. the goal is to conserve water.

Question 2

in the kidney, solutes enter the _____ (connective tissue) and then to the ___ ___ before being reabsorbed back to the main blood supply.

Answer 2

in the kidney, solutes enter the INTERSTITIUM (connective tissue) and then to the VASA RECTA before being reabsorbed back to the main blood supply.

Question 3

at the proximal convoluted tubule, AAs, glc, vitamins and salt are reabsorbed along with water via ___ ____

Answer 3

ACTIVE transport.

Question 4

waste products that are secreted into the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 4

H+, K+, NH3, urea.

Question 5

the descending loop of henle is permeable to ____, whereas the ascending loop of henle is permeable to ____

Answer 5

the descending loop of henle is permeable to WATER, whereas the ascending loop of henle is permeable to SALT

Question 6

which section of the loop of henle has more mitochondria

Answer 6

there is more mitochondria in the ASCENDING THICKER SEGMENT, allowing for more reabsorption of sodium and chloride by ACTIVE TRANSPORT, in addition to normal permeability of salts.

Question 7

what system is in place that continuously makes blood more hypertonic than the filtrate near the kidney?

Answer 7

there is a counter current multiplier system
the vasa reca carts away the solutes that are absorbed in the ascending loop of henle, making the blood more hypertonic than the filtrate, allowing for maximal water absorption.

Question 8

what type of transport is utilized in the distal convoluted tubule.

Answer 8

active transport

Question 9

aldosterone works at what portion of the nephron?

Answer 9

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. aldosterone facilitates active transport of further Na+ absorbtion to elevate blood pressure

Question 10

aldosterone exchanges Na+ ions for ___, therefore, more ___ is excreted with the urine in order for Na+ to be reabsorbed (and water follows, elevating blood pressure)

Answer 10

aldosterone exchanges Na+ ions for K+, therefore, more POTASSIUM is excreted with the urine in order for Na+ to be reabsorbed (and water follows, elevating blood pressure)

Question 11

ADH/vasopressin works on what portion of the nephron?

Answer 11

collecting duct

Question 12

what hormones does the collecting duct respond to

Answer 12

both aldosterone and ADH.

Question 13

T/F aldosterone changes plasma osmolarity

Answer 13

false. it increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, BUT water FOLLOWS! thus, each solute is “cancelled out” by a water molecule, and plasma osmolarity remains unchanged.

Question 14

T/F ADH changes plasma osmolarity

Answer 14

true. it makes the blood more hypotonic by facilitating more water reabsorption.

Question 15

Angiotensin is converted to angiotensin I by

Answer 15

renin enzyme, which was secreted by JGA cells in response to decreased blood pressure.

Question 16

what secretes renin and in response to what?

Answer 16

renin is secreted by JGA cells in response to decreased blood pressure. it catalyzes the aldosterone cascade to increase blood pressure by sodium reabsorption (and water reabsorption)

Question 17

angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by ___

Answer 17

ACE

Question 18

___ alters the permeability of the collecitng duct, allowing for more water to be reabsorbed

Answer 18

ADH.

Question 19

how does ADH regulate the permeability of the collecting duct?

Answer 19

via promoting the fusion of more aquaporins on to the epithelial cells of the collecting duct.

Question 20

3 primary layers of the skin

Answer 20

epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

Question 21

___ corpscles lay on the edge between ___ and hypodermis. Function?

Answer 21

Pacinian. dermis and hypodermis. detects deep pressure and vibration

Question 22

____ corpuscles lay in the dermis

Answer 22

MEISSNERs. detects light touch

Question 23

which corpuscles lay in the epidermis?

Answer 23

trick question. there are no sensory orgna in the epidermis.

Question 24

2 layers of the dermis. what do they contain

Answer 24

dermal layers:

1) papillary layer: loose connective tissue
2) reticular layer: sweat glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles.

Question 25

Epidermal Layers

Answer 25

Come, Lets Get Sun Burned

1) corneum
2) lucidum
3) granulosum
4) spinosum
5) basale

Question 26

which epidermal layer is only present in hairless skin?

Answer 26

lucidum.

Question 27

which layer of the epidermis contains keratinocytes and melanocytes

Answer 27

basale.

Question 28

____ cells are specialized macrophages of the skin

Answer 28

Langerhans cells.