Kaplan Biology: Chapter 10 Flashcards
in a healthy person, urine should be ___tonic to blood
HYPERtonic to blood. the goal is to conserve water.
in the kidney, solutes enter the _____ (connective tissue) and then to the ___ ___ before being reabsorbed back to the main blood supply.
in the kidney, solutes enter the INTERSTITIUM (connective tissue) and then to the VASA RECTA before being reabsorbed back to the main blood supply.
at the proximal convoluted tubule, AAs, glc, vitamins and salt are reabsorbed along with water via ___ ____
ACTIVE transport.
waste products that are secreted into the proximal convoluted tubule
H+, K+, NH3, urea.
the descending loop of henle is permeable to ____, whereas the ascending loop of henle is permeable to ____
the descending loop of henle is permeable to WATER, whereas the ascending loop of henle is permeable to SALT
which section of the loop of henle has more mitochondria
there is more mitochondria in the ASCENDING THICKER SEGMENT, allowing for more reabsorption of sodium and chloride by ACTIVE TRANSPORT, in addition to normal permeability of salts.
what system is in place that continuously makes blood more hypertonic than the filtrate near the kidney?
there is a counter current multiplier system
the vasa reca carts away the solutes that are absorbed in the ascending loop of henle, making the blood more hypertonic than the filtrate, allowing for maximal water absorption.
what type of transport is utilized in the distal convoluted tubule.
active transport
aldosterone works at what portion of the nephron?
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. aldosterone facilitates active transport of further Na+ absorbtion to elevate blood pressure
aldosterone exchanges Na+ ions for ___, therefore, more ___ is excreted with the urine in order for Na+ to be reabsorbed (and water follows, elevating blood pressure)
aldosterone exchanges Na+ ions for K+, therefore, more POTASSIUM is excreted with the urine in order for Na+ to be reabsorbed (and water follows, elevating blood pressure)
ADH/vasopressin works on what portion of the nephron?
collecting duct
what hormones does the collecting duct respond to
both aldosterone and ADH.
T/F aldosterone changes plasma osmolarity
false. it increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule, BUT water FOLLOWS! thus, each solute is “cancelled out” by a water molecule, and plasma osmolarity remains unchanged.
T/F ADH changes plasma osmolarity
true. it makes the blood more hypotonic by facilitating more water reabsorption.
Angiotensin is converted to angiotensin I by
renin enzyme, which was secreted by JGA cells in response to decreased blood pressure.
what secretes renin and in response to what?
renin is secreted by JGA cells in response to decreased blood pressure. it catalyzes the aldosterone cascade to increase blood pressure by sodium reabsorption (and water reabsorption)
angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by ___
ACE
___ alters the permeability of the collecitng duct, allowing for more water to be reabsorbed
ADH.
how does ADH regulate the permeability of the collecting duct?
via promoting the fusion of more aquaporins on to the epithelial cells of the collecting duct.
3 primary layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
___ corpscles lay on the edge between ___ and hypodermis. Function?
Pacinian. dermis and hypodermis. detects deep pressure and vibration
____ corpuscles lay in the dermis
MEISSNERs. detects light touch
which corpuscles lay in the epidermis?
trick question. there are no sensory orgna in the epidermis.
2 layers of the dermis. what do they contain
dermal layers:
1) papillary layer: loose connective tissue
2) reticular layer: sweat glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles.
Epidermal Layers
Come, Lets Get Sun Burned
1) corneum
2) lucidum
3) granulosum
4) spinosum
5) basale
which epidermal layer is only present in hairless skin?
lucidum.
which layer of the epidermis contains keratinocytes and melanocytes
basale.
____ cells are specialized macrophages of the skin
Langerhans cells.
