Next Step Notes: Psych/Soc Flashcards
moderator variable
a variable that influences the STRENGTH of a relationship between two other variables
mediator variable
one that EXPLAINS the relationship between two other variables.
- a variable that provides a CAUSAL link between two variables that show a statistical relationship
Cross’s Nigrescence Model and three stages.
African-Americans are described as progressing through several stages of cultural awareness. In the first stage, PRE-ENCOUNTER , African-Americans tend to view the majority Caucasian culture as being more desirable and would view a doctor of this race as being MORE skilled.
IMMERSION-EMERSION stage: african americans would view the majority of caucasian cuture with RESENTMENT, and would prefer to be treated by someone their own race.
INTERNALIZATION STAGE: african americans at this stage has integrated aspects of his own culture with that of the majority culture and is working to rectify past racial injustices.
___-___ theory suggest that depression stems from a reduction in the motivating forces of arousal.
DRIVE-REDUCTION
what is a case-control design study
a study that compares information about individuals with a disease against people without the disease or condition
Gestalt’s Law of ___ says that we tend to perceive stimuli as grouped symmetrically around a center point
law of symmetry
gestalt’s law of ___ says that we perceive similar objects aes being grouped together
law of similarity
gestalt’s law of ___ asserts that we tend to perceive objects close to each other in groups, rather than as large collections of individual pieces
law of PROXIMITY
Key part of ethnocentrism
that this superiority-world view is PROPAGATED from one generation to the next through a variety of cultural channels (ex/ family)
reconstructive bias.
type of bias related to memory. Most research on memories suggests that our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think
____ is a negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for your body
DISTRESS
____ is a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging, but motivating.
EUSTRESS
___happens when you are exposed to something stressful, but it doesn’t actively or directly affect you. For example, news about a natural disaster on the other side of the world may be very stressful, but your body doesn’t perceive that stress as good or bad for you so you aren’t affected.
NEUSTRESS
cannon bard theory of emotion
physiological response AND an experience of emotion occurs SIMULTANEOUSLY
(Causes Both)
James Lang theory of emotion
physiological arousal causes emotion
Schatter Springer theory of emotion
stimulus –> arousal –> cognitive INTERPRETATION –> emotion
parallel play
normal part of behavior in PRESCHOOL children where they play by themselves but observe another child playing. as children reach school age, they are more likely to engage in other forms of play TOGETHER.
4 Piaget stages of child development
1) sensorimotor stage
- development of object permanence
2) preoperational stage (7ish)
- symbolic thinking (things can be represented through symbols such as words or gestures)
- limited by egocentrism (viewing the world only from their own perspective)
3) concrete operational stage (8-12ish)
- begin to understand mathematics
- deductive logic
- achieves CONSERVATION; ex/ wider cup holds the same as taller cup as long as volume is constant between the two.
4) formal operational stage (12+)
- abstract moral reasoning
erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial develpment
0-1 ys: trust vs mistrust 1-3: autonomy vs shame/doubt 3-6: initiative vs guilt 6-12: industry vs inferiorty 12-20: identity vs role confusion 20-40: intimacy vs isolation 40-65: generativity vs stagnation 65+: ego integrity vs despair.
symbolic interactionism
focuses on the symbolic meaning that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interactions
Conflict theory
emphasizes the role of coercion and power in producing social order. It sees society as fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. Social order is maintained by those with the most power, usually those with the greatest political, economic, and social capital.
Conflict theory asserts that bias and inequality are underlying aspects of education
____ views society as a system of interconnected parts that carry out a specific role that enables them to cooperate to maintain social equilibrium for society as a whole
Functionalism.
Functionalist theories assert that aspects of culture are necessary and need-based, and that everything in society works together and can thus affect one another.
___ ___ is the principle that a person’s beliefs and health behaviors should be understood in the context of their own culture.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Folkways
norms that govern everyday behavior (like holding a door open)
taboos
considered unacceptable by almost everyday culture (like incest)
laws
established standards of behavior that are written down and have very clear consequences.
Mores
norms that are deemed HIGHLY necessary to the welfare of society and have CONSEQUENCES if violated.
Health behaviors (like seeking help for an acute medical illness) are standards of behavior that are necessary for the well-being of everyone; if a person does not seek help, they may be shunned by family members or friends. or : It is not considered acceptable or mainstream to abuse drugs, particularly those such as heroine and cocaine.
two types of informal norms
mores and folkways. mores are more important than folkways and have major impact on society and can result in SOCIAL sanctions (like shunning), but is not really “legally/lawfully” inforced.
breaking a folkway or other social norm is termed ___
deviance
what is a retrospective cohort design
A retrospective cohort design takes a group of individuals and asks them about their experiences in the past.
what is a kinship affinity
one in which individuals are related by CHOICE (such as through marriage) rather than through blood.
