Kaplan Biology: Chapter 12

Question 1

Co dominance

Answer 1

more than one dominant allele– you get “patches” where one allele is dominating (ex/ a paint horse)

Question 2

incomplete dominance

Answer 2

no dominant alleles: heterozygous individuals have intermediate phenotypes (a roan horse)

Question 3

5 conditions of hardy weinberg principle

Answer 3

1) large population
2) no mutation
3) no migration
4) random mating
5) all genes are equally successful at reproducing (NO NATURAL SELECTION)

Question 4

Hardy weinberg principle for GENOTYPE frequency

Answer 4

P^2 + 2PQ + Q^2 = 1

Question 5

hardy weinberg principle for ALLELE frequency

Answer 5

P + Q = 1

Question 6

adaptive radiation

Answer 6

rapid rise of a number of different species from a common ancestor

Question 7

disruptive selection

Answer 7

two extreme phenotypes are selected over the norm

Question 8

stabilizing selection

Answer 8

a “medium” phenotype is selected over extremes

Question 9

prezygotic mechanism

Answer 9

prevent formation of zygote completely

Question 10

postzygotic mechanism

Answer 10

allows for gamete fusion but yield either nonviable or sterile offspring

Question 11

mules are a result of a __zygotic mechanism

Answer 11

post. they are created, but are left sterile

Question 12

convergent evolution

Answer 12

independent development of SIMILAR characteristics in two or more species that do not share a recent common ancestor

Question 13

molecular clock model

Answer 13

method of measuring evolutionary time. the more SIMILAR the genomes, the more RECENT the two species separated from each other.

Question 14

genetic leakage

Answer 14

flow of genes between species through hybrid offspring.

Question 15

more SIMILAR the genomes, the more _____ the two species separated from each other.

Answer 15

more SIMILAR the genomes, the more RECENT the two species separated from each other.

Question 16

analogous structure

Answer 16

independently evolved, but carry out the SAME FUNCTION ex/ bee wing and bat wing. bees and bats are not related at all but their wings have the same function: flying

Question 17

homologous structure

Answer 17

evolved RELATEDLY, but different functions. Ex/ Walrus flipper and human forearm (flipper is used for swimming, and our arms have dexterity functions), but the same bone structure is in place.

Question 18

What type of muscle fiber has a lot of mitochondria?

Answer 18

slow muscle fibers. they can contract harder and are used for continuous muscle contractions. They use aerobic respiration.
fast muscle fibers are more likely to operate on glycolytic respiration.

Question 19

According to the passage, relative to slow-twitch fibers, fast-twitch fibers are likely to exhibit which property?

A.Greater Ca2+-pumping capacity
B.Increased capillary density
C.More mitochondria
D.Higher levels of oxygen-binding proteins

Answer 19

Greater Ca2+ pumping capacity. fast twitch fibers must be able to contract and relax quickly, and this can only happen if Ca2+ can be released and REMOVED from the sarcoplasm and back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.