Kaplan Chemistry: Chapter 3 Bonding Flashcards
most formal optimal charge
FC= V-(0.5B)-L
if having a formal charge isn’t possivle, put the chargeg on the most ____ atom
electronegative.
the less formal charges on the resonance strcuture, the more ___ that form of the molecule
more stable.
homolytic bond cleavage
both e- of the bond goes to EACH atom.
heterolytic bond cleavage
both e- goes to ONE atom, and the other atom does not get any electrons
which type of cleavage results in cations or anions
heterolytic bond cleavage.
covalent vs coordinate covalent bond
covalent: e- is shared and donated by BOTh atoms
coordinate covalent: one atom donates BOTH e- in a covalent bond for both atoms to share.
nonmetal and transition metals tend to form which type of bonds?
coordinate covalent bonds. nonmetals donate both e- to to make a bond.
electric field lines on positive and negative charges
+ charges lines project outwards
- charge lines project inwards
of stereoisomers
2^n
n= number of chiral centers.
an sp hybridized molecule has bond angles of ___ and an orbital geometry of ___
an sp hybridized molecule has bond angles of 180 and an orbital geometry of LINEAR
an sp2 hybridized molecule has bond angles of ___ and an orbital geometry
sp2: 120 degrees, trigonal planar
an sp3 hybridized molecule has bond angles of ___ and an orbital geometry of ___
sp3: 109 degrees, tetrahedral
an sp3d2 hybridized molecule has bond anges of __- and an orbital geometry of ___
bond angles of 90 degrees and an orbital geometry of octahedral (SF6)
what type of intermolecular force is necessary for condensation of gas into a liquid
london dispersion forces. Bigger atoms = more LDFS = harder for larger atoms to be in “liquid” form
the more intermolecular interactions, the ___ the BP
higher the boiling points
examples of vanderwaal forces
1) dipole dipole
2) dipole induced dipole (permanent)
3) london dispersion forces (all moelcules have this, its related to MW)
4) H bonding.
vapor pressure is the ability to ___
evaporate
low boiling point = ____ vapor pressure
low BP = HIGH BP = easily evaporates.
weak intermolecular forces = ____ VP, = more ___
weak intermolecular forces = HIGH VAPOUR PRESSURE = more VOLATILE
what exactly is vapour pressure
the pressure exerted by the gaseous phase of a liquid that had evaporated from the exposed surface of a liquid.
the higher the pressure, the more gas is present, indicating that this molecule “likes” to evaporate rather than stay in liquid form.
higher temperatures = ____ Vapour pressure
higher temperatures results in HIGHER VAPOUR PRESSUES because of higher KE to overcome the intermolecular forces holding the molecules together in a liquid state.
what is a molecular solid
a solid held together by intermolecular forces (HBs, LDFs)
molecular solids are often liquid at room temp.
Ex/ Ice.
boiling point is when Vapour pressure =
BP is when vapour pressure equals ambient pressure.