Kaplan Biology: Chapter 5 Endocrine System

Question 1

Peptide vs Steroid hormones rapidness of onset

Answer 1

peptides are quick acting and steroid hormones are slow acting.

Question 2

2 main secretions of the posterior pituitray.

Answer 2

1) ADH
2) oxytocin.

the posterior pituitary does NOT make these hormones. they are made by the hypothalamus and are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

Question 3

explain the oxytocin loop

Answer 3

oxytocin is on a positive feedback loop. oxytocin stimulates more oxytocin release. this facilitates the contraction of uterine smooth muscle and also promotes milk ejection.

Question 4

when the hypothalamus releases gonatotropic release hormone (GnrH), what occurs?

Answer 4

the ANTERIOR PITUITARY RESPONSE.

1) FSH release
2) LH release

Question 5

when growth hormone releasing hormone is released by the hypothalamus, what is stimulated?

Answer 5

the ANTERIOR PITUITARY releases GROWTH HORMONE.

Question 6

when thyroid releasing hormone is released by the hypothalamus, what is stimulated?

Answer 6

the ANTERIOR PITUITARY RELEASES

THYROID STIMULATING hormone.

Question 7

when corticotropin-releasing factors is released by the hypothalamus, what is stimulated?

Answer 7

the anterior pituitary releases ADENOCORTICOTROPIC (ACTH) HORMONE.

Question 8

the anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH in response to ctrh release from the hypothalamus; then what happens?

Answer 8

ACTH stimualtes the ADRENAL COREX to secrete cortisol. this is known as the HPA axis.

Question 9

name the anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 9

FLAT PEG
F= fsh
L= LH
A = Acth
T = thyroid stimulating hormone
P= prolactin
E =endorphins
G = growth hormones. 

FLAT = tropic (causes cascade)
PEG = direct hormones.

Question 10

the thyroid is controlled by ____ from the anterior pituitary gland.

Answer 10

TSH : thyroid stimulating hormone.

Question 11

3 main products of the thyroid

Answer 11

T3, T4 and calcitonin.

Question 12

T3 and T4 are made in the thyroid by ____ cells.

Answer 12

follicular cells

Question 13

calcitonin is made in the thyroid by __ cells

Answer 13

C cells.

Question 14

role of calcitonin

Answer 14

decreases plasma calcium level, increases calcium storage in bone

Question 15

what triggers calcitonin release

Answer 15

too much calcium in blood. causes it to be stored in bone.

Question 16

is calcitonin and peptide or steroid hormone

Answer 16

peptide hormone.

Question 17

role in parathyroid hormone

Answer 17

INCREASES calcium plasma levels, causes bone resorption and breaks DOWN BONE.

Question 18

parathyroid hormone causes Ca2+ levels in the blood to -__, calcitonin causes Ca2+ levels in the blood to ____

Answer 18

parathyroid hormone causes Ca2+ levels in the blood to INCREASES, calcitonin causes Ca2+ levels in the blood to DECREASE

Question 19

the adrenal cortex secretes ____ where as the adrenal medulla secretes ____

Answer 19

the adrenal cortex secretes CORTICOSTEROIDS where as the adrenal medulla secretes EPINEPHRINE (AND NE)

Question 20

name a mineralcorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex

Answer 20

aldosterone. increases sodium resorption in the distal convoluted tubule by exchanging Na+ ions for K+

Question 21

name a glucosteroid secreted by the adrenal cortex

Answer 21

a glucosteroid is a steroid that regulates glucose levels by increase gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis. includes cortisol and cortisone.

Question 22

3 hormones secreted by the pancreas

Answer 22

1) glucagon- alpha cells
2) insulin - beta cells
3) somatostatin - D cells

Question 23

role of alpha cells

Answer 23

inhibits alpha and beta cells and thus glucagon and insulin release. also inhibits G cells in the stomach and prevents overall digestion by means of reducing acid secretion.

Question 24

what stimulates somatostatin

Answer 24

stimulated by increased glucose levels and amino aicds in blood.

Question 25

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 25

autoimmune destruction of BETA cells, so that you cannot produce your own insulin. you are still responsive to it, so you need to inject yourself with insulin after meals.

Question 26

type 2 diabetes

Answer 26

receptor level resistance to insulin. you cannot drive sugar out of your blood stream into your cells. often caused by ovesity.

Question 27

testes secrete _____ in respnose to ___ and ___ from the anterior pituitary

Answer 27

secretes testosterone in respnse to LF and FSH from anterior pituitary.

Question 28

pineal gland is located ____

what does it secrete

Answer 28

located deep in the brain under the circle of willis and secretes melatonin

Question 29

the pineal gland receives projections from the __ and the -__

Answer 29

retina and hypothalamus. regulates melatonin secretion and sleep-wake cycle.

Question 30

JGA cells in the kidneys secrete ____ to increase sodium and water resorption

Answer 30

renin

Question 31

ANP secreted by atrial cells in the heart does what

Answer 31

regulates salt and water balance. when atria is STRETCHED from excess blood volume, they release ANP to promote the EXCRETION OF SODIUM, making water follow with it, cause more diluted urine.

essentially the opposite of aldosterone, which increases sodium concentration in the body.

Question 32

MAIN secretion of the thymus

Answer 32

thymosin. plays a role in T cell development and differentiation.