Kaplan Organic Chemistry: Chapter 6 Aldehydes and Ketones I Flashcards
aldehydes and ketones are
1) nucleophiles
2) electrophiles
electrophiles. their Oxygen atoms want electrons.
why are aldehydes more reactive
they are more reactie towards nucleophiles than ketones because they have LESS steric hinderance.
how is an aldehyde formed
primary alcohol with PCC
how can ketones be formed
a secondary alcohol can be reacted with chromates ( a strong oxidizer)
in the presence of water, aldehydes and ketones react t form ___ ___
germinal diols.
how can a hydration reaction with an aldehyde or ketone be sped up
with acid to form a germinal diol.
when a ketone or aldehyde is treated with a limited alcohol, they form ___ and __. when treated with unlimited alcohol, they form ___ and ___ via an ___ mechanism.
when a ketone or aldehyde is treated with a limited alcohol, they form HEMIACETAL and HEMIKETAL. when treated with unlimited alcohol, they form KETAL and HEMIACETAL via an SN1 mechanism.
SN1 Mechanisms favor the more-sub carbon in a polar protic solvent. Sn2 mechanisms favor a polar aprotic solvent.
how can an acetal or ketal be converted back to a cabonyl/aldehyde?
via ACID and HEAT.
Aldehydes and ketones can react with ___ to produce an imine and water
AMMONIA.
an ___ is compound with a double bond between nitrogen and carbon
IMINE
an aldehyde/ketone can react with ammonia to produce an imine via a ____ reaction
condensation reaction. water is also a product in addition to an amine
how is a cyano hydrin formed
with an aldehyde or ketone with HCN.
a cyanohydrin has a central carbon with both a CN and OH group
oxidation of an aldehyde results in
carboxylic acid
reduction of an aldehyde results in
alcohol
