P/S: KA Nervous System

Question 1

Upper vs lower motor neuron dysfunction

Answer 1

The upper motor neuron DESCENDS in the spinal cord to the level of the appropriate spinal nerve root. At this point, the upper motor neuron synapses with the lower motor neuron, each of whose axons innervate a fiber of skeletal muscle.

Upper motor neuron dysfunction lead to muscle weakness, hyperreflexia, clonus, hypertonia, and the babinski sign (normal in children but abnormal in adults)

Lower motor neuron dysfunction lead to lower motor neuron dysfunction include atrophy, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, and skeletal muscle twitches.paralysis

Question 2

Dopamine is released from the ___ ___ (also known as the VTA) to the limbic system through the _____ ____.

Answer 2

Dopamine is released from the ventral tegmentum (also known as the ventral tegmental area) to the limbic system through the nucleus accumbens.

Question 3

Dopamine is released from the ___ ____ to the striatum.

Answer 3

Dopamine is released from the substantia nigra to the striatum.

Question 4

Dopamine is released from the _____ to the pituitary gland.

Answer 4

Dopamine is released from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

Question 5

the raphe nuclei releases ____ to the cerebral cortex

Answer 5

serotonin

Question 6

rhombencephalon structures

Answer 6

hind brain. medulla, pons, and cerebellum.

Question 7

mesencephalon structures

Answer 7

mesencephalon including the tectum (SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR COLLICULI), tegmentum, cerebral peduncle, SUBSTANTIA NIGRA, crus cerebri, and cranial nerves (oculomotor and trochlear).

Question 8

two divisions of the proencephalon

Answer 8

1) diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior portion of the pituitary gland, and the pineal gland.
2) telencephalon: is comprised of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb, and basal ganglia

Question 9

____ movements come from the edge of the body and move toward the center of the body.

Answer 9

proximal movements

Question 10

____ movements come from the center of the body and move towards the edge of the body.

Answer 10

Distal movements come from the center of the body and move towards the edge of the body.