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biochem > (P) Nucleic Acid Structures (module-based) > Flashcards

(P) Nucleic Acid Structures (module-based) Flashcards

1
Q

these biomolecules are acidic in nature

A

nucleic acid

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2
Q

Where is nucleic acid generally found?

A

nucleus of the cell as well as cytoplasm

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3
Q

basic unit of a nucleic acid

A

nucleotide (heterocyclic base, sugar and phosphoric acid)

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4
Q

T or F. A nucleoside is formed by the covalent fusion of a base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

A

F (nucleoside)

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5
Q

In DNA, where the sugar is deoxyribose, this unit is referred to as a…

A

deoxyribonucleotide.

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6
Q

Nucleotides in DNA are linked through_____, creating a repetitive sugar-phosphate backbone that serves as the foundation to which the bases are attached.

A

3’ to 5’-phosphodiester bonds

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7
Q

T or F. The sugar forms a glycosidic bond with the nitrogenous base, while the phosphate group is connected to the sugar through a hydroxyl bond.

A

F (ester bond)

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8
Q

T or F. In contrast to DNA or RNA nucleotides, ATP has three phosphate groups bound to its sugar, whereas a typical nucleotide possesses only one phosphate group (Campbell 2018).

A

T

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9
Q

What rule holds that two DNA chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases?

A

Chargaff rule or Base pairing rule (A pairs with T; G pairs with C)

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10
Q

How many ester bond will join the nucleotides if a nucleic acid molecule is formed by the linkage of a minimum of two nucleotides through a 3’,5’-phosphodiester bond.

A

2

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11
Q

What sugar is used in RNA?

A

ribose

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12
Q

T or F. Humans have relatively huge DNA make-up compared with lower forms of organisms. Human DNA consists of 3 Billion bases (Human Genome Project, 2003).

A

T

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12
Q

hereditary material of almost all organisms, especially in humans

A

DNA

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13
Q

T or F. An important property of RNA is that it can be copied to maintain the genetic information from one generation of cell to the next.

A

F (DNA)

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14
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are present in each G:C base pair?

A

3

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15
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are present in each A:T base pair?

A

2

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16
Q

This level of DNA structure entails a single strand of DNA, highlighting the precise sequence of bases in the polynucleotide chain.

A

Primary

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17
Q

The structure emerges when two DNA strands come together. It is characterized as the intricate three-dimensional arrangement of the molecule’s backbone. The formation of this structure is facilitated by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases.

A

secondary structure

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18
Q

It encompass interactions that contribute to an overarching three-dimensional shape.

A

Tertiary structures of nucleic acids

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19
Q

What level of structure does this belong?

The formation of this structure is facilitated by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases.

A

second

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20
Q

What level of structure does this belong?

Interactions between individual single strands and the secondary structures they form.

A

tertiary

21
Q

What level of structure does this belong?

Properties related to the overall topology of the nucleic acid.

A

tertiary

22
Q

How many base pairs for each turn of the DNA double helix (secondary structure)?

A

10

23
Q

state the distance between base-pairs and length per turn

A
  • a distance between base-pairs of 0.34 nm
  • a length per turn of 3.4 nm (since 0.34 nm/base pair x 10 base pairs per turn).
24
Q

a fundamental process used in various molecular biology techniques, serving as the initial step to study and manipulate DNA.

A

DNA denaturation

25
Q

T or F. In DNA denaturation process, the double helix structure of DNA is disrupted by FORMING the hydrogen bonds that hold the complementary base pairs together. This is achieved in vitro by subjecting DNA samples to elevated temperatures, typically around 95°C. At this temperature, the hydrogen bonds between the bases are weakened and the two DNA strands separate.

A

F (breaking)

26
Q

What process do you call this when the temperature is lowered, the separated DNA strands have the potential to reassociate and reform the original double helix structure.

A

renaturation

27
Q

T or F. The ability of DNA to denature and renature is a crucial feature that enables scientists to manipulate and analyze DNA in various experiments, such as DNA sequencing, gene detection, and
polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

A

T

28
Q

refers to the over- or under-winding of a strand of DNA, and it is an example of the strain on the strand.

A

DNA supercoiling

29
Q

synonymous to supercoil

A

writhe

30
Q

For prokaryotic DNA, the rotation of the underwound to form negative supercoils is?

A

counterclockwise

31
Q

For prokaryotic DNA, the rotation of the overwound to form positive supercoils is?

A

clockwise

32
Q

T or F. DNA has D-ribose as its sugar component

A

F (RNA)

33
Q

T or F. RNA does not self-replicate in order to multiply; instead it is encoded by DNA genes.

A

T

34
Q

This determines the amino acid sequence of proteins

A

Messenger RNA

35
Q

This combines with a protein subunit to form ribosomes which the site of protein synthesis; has catalytic activity

A

Ribosomal RNA

36
Q

It is charged with amino acid; helps transport amino acid to the site of protein synthesis

A

Transfer RNA

37
Q

Function is unclear, but may be associated with certain diseases

A

Long noncoding RNA

38
Q

Used by scientists to knockout certain genes being analyzed

A

small interfering RNA

39
Q

targets specific mRNAs for degradation or to suppress protein synthesis

A

microRNA

40
Q

T or F. The mRNA comprises only 5% of all RNA in a cell

A

T

41
Q

T or F. Each double code in mRNA transcript correspond to one type of amino acid

A

F (triplet code)

42
Q

T or F. A small protein for example only requires a long mRNA to be translated.

A

F (short)

43
Q

Smallest among the 3 major species of RNA (75-95 bases).

A

tRNA

44
Q

This arm in tRNA is charged with amino acids

A

acceptor arm

45
Q

This arm in tRNA is reads the code in mRNA

A

anticodon arm

46
Q

Has peptidyl transferase activity (is a ribozyme)

A

rRNA

47
Q

T or F. rRNA has large and small subunits for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

T

48
Q

This have been exploited for evolutionary studies in which the nucleotide sequences of its type of RNA are used to establish the relationships between species.

A

Ribosomal RNAs

49
Q

What is the protein subunits in prokaryotes?

A

30S (16S rRNA and 21 proteins) and 50S (23S rRNA, 5S sRNA and 34 proteins) subunit

50
Q

What is the protein subunits in eukaryotes?

A

40S (18S rRNA and 33 proteins) and 60S (28S rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 5S rRNA, and 50S proteins) subunit = 80S overall subunits

biochem (31 decks)

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