(P) Nucleic Acid Structures (module-based)

Question 1

these biomolecules are acidic in nature

Answer 1

nucleic acid

Question 2

Where is nucleic acid generally found?

Answer 2

nucleus of the cell as well as cytoplasm

Question 3

basic unit of a nucleic acid

Answer 3

nucleotide (heterocyclic base, sugar and phosphoric acid)

Question 4

T or F. A nucleoside is formed by the covalent fusion of a base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

Answer 4

F (nucleoside)

Question 5

In DNA, where the sugar is deoxyribose, this unit is referred to as a…

Answer 5

deoxyribonucleotide.

Question 6

Nucleotides in DNA are linked through_____, creating a repetitive sugar-phosphate backbone that serves as the foundation to which the bases are attached.

Answer 6

3’ to 5’-phosphodiester bonds

Question 7

T or F. The sugar forms a glycosidic bond with the nitrogenous base, while the phosphate group is connected to the sugar through a hydroxyl bond.

Answer 7

F (ester bond)

Question 8

T or F. In contrast to DNA or RNA nucleotides, ATP has three phosphate groups bound to its sugar, whereas a typical nucleotide possesses only one phosphate group (Campbell 2018).

Answer 8

T

Question 9

What rule holds that two DNA chains are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases?

Answer 9

Chargaff rule or Base pairing rule (A pairs with T; G pairs with C)

Question 10

How many ester bond will join the nucleotides if a nucleic acid molecule is formed by the linkage of a minimum of two nucleotides through a 3’,5’-phosphodiester bond.

Answer 10

2

Question 11

What sugar is used in RNA?

Answer 11

ribose

Question 12

T or F. Humans have relatively huge DNA make-up compared with lower forms of organisms. Human DNA consists of 3 Billion bases (Human Genome Project, 2003).

Answer 12

T

Question 12

hereditary material of almost all organisms, especially in humans

Answer 12

DNA

Question 13

T or F. An important property of RNA is that it can be copied to maintain the genetic information from one generation of cell to the next.

Answer 13

F (DNA)

Question 14

How many hydrogen bonds are present in each G:C base pair?

Answer 14

3

Question 15

How many hydrogen bonds are present in each A:T base pair?

Answer 15

2

Question 16

This level of DNA structure entails a single strand of DNA, highlighting the precise sequence of bases in the polynucleotide chain.

Answer 16

Primary

Question 17

The structure emerges when two DNA strands come together. It is characterized as the intricate three-dimensional arrangement of the molecule’s backbone. The formation of this structure is facilitated by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases.

Answer 17

secondary structure

Question 18

It encompass interactions that contribute to an overarching three-dimensional shape.

Answer 18

Tertiary structures of nucleic acids

Question 19

What level of structure does this belong?

The formation of this structure is facilitated by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases.

Answer 19

second

Question 20

What level of structure does this belong?

Interactions between individual single strands and the secondary structures they form.

Answer 20

tertiary

Question 21

What level of structure does this belong?

Properties related to the overall topology of the nucleic acid.

Answer 21

tertiary

Question 22

How many base pairs for each turn of the DNA double helix (secondary structure)?

Answer 22

10

Question 23

state the distance between base-pairs and length per turn

Answer 23

• a distance between base-pairs of 0.34 nm
• a length per turn of 3.4 nm (since 0.34 nm/base pair x 10 base pairs per turn).

Question 24

a fundamental process used in various molecular biology techniques, serving as the initial step to study and manipulate DNA.

Answer 24

DNA denaturation

Question 25

T or F. In DNA denaturation process, the double helix structure of DNA is disrupted by FORMING the hydrogen bonds that hold the complementary base pairs together. This is achieved in vitro by subjecting DNA samples to elevated temperatures, typically around 95°C. At this temperature, the hydrogen bonds between the bases are weakened and the two DNA strands separate.

Answer 25

F (breaking)

Question 26

What process do you call this when the temperature is lowered, the separated DNA strands have the potential to reassociate and reform the original double helix structure.

Answer 26

renaturation

Question 27

T or F. The ability of DNA to denature and renature is a crucial feature that enables scientists to manipulate and analyze DNA in various experiments, such as DNA sequencing, gene detection, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Answer 27

T

Question 28

refers to the over- or under-winding of a strand of DNA, and it is an example of the strain on the strand.

Answer 28

DNA supercoiling

Question 29

synonymous to supercoil

Answer 29

writhe

Question 30

For prokaryotic DNA, the rotation of the underwound to form negative supercoils is?

Answer 30

counterclockwise

Question 31

For prokaryotic DNA, the rotation of the overwound to form positive supercoils is?

Answer 31

clockwise

Question 32

T or F. DNA has D-ribose as its sugar component

Answer 32

F (RNA)

Question 33

T or F. RNA does not self-replicate in order to multiply; instead it is encoded by DNA genes.

Answer 33

T

Question 34

This determines the amino acid sequence of proteins

Answer 34

Messenger RNA

Question 35

This combines with a protein subunit to form ribosomes which the site of protein synthesis; has catalytic activity

Answer 35

Ribosomal RNA

Question 36

It is charged with amino acid; helps transport amino acid to the site of protein synthesis

Answer 36

Transfer RNA

Question 37

Function is unclear, but may be associated with certain diseases

Answer 37

Long noncoding RNA

Question 38

Used by scientists to knockout certain genes being analyzed

Answer 38

small interfering RNA

Question 39

targets specific mRNAs for degradation or to suppress protein synthesis

Answer 39

microRNA

Question 40

T or F. The mRNA comprises only 5% of all RNA in a cell

Answer 40

T

Question 41

T or F. Each double code in mRNA transcript correspond to one type of amino acid

Answer 41

F (triplet code)

Question 42

T or F. A small protein for example only requires a long mRNA to be translated.

Answer 42

F (short)

Question 43

Smallest among the 3 major species of RNA (75-95 bases).

Answer 43

tRNA

Question 44

This arm in tRNA is charged with amino acids

Answer 44

acceptor arm

Question 45

This arm in tRNA is reads the code in mRNA

Answer 45

anticodon arm

Question 46

Has peptidyl transferase activity (is a ribozyme)

Answer 46

rRNA

Question 47

T or F. rRNA has large and small subunits for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 47

T

Question 48

This have been exploited for evolutionary studies in which the nucleotide sequences of its type of RNA are used to establish the relationships between species.

Answer 48

Ribosomal RNAs

Question 49

What is the protein subunits in prokaryotes?

Answer 49

30S (16S rRNA and 21 proteins) and 50S (23S rRNA, 5S sRNA and 34 proteins) subunit

Question 50

What is the protein subunits in eukaryotes?

Answer 50

40S (18S rRNA and 33 proteins) and 60S (28S rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 5S rRNA, and 50S proteins) subunit = 80S overall subunits