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biochem > (P) Biochemical Systems of the Cell (lec-based) > Flashcards

(P) Biochemical Systems of the Cell (lec-based) Flashcards

1
Q

The study of compounds of carbon and hydrogens, has covalent bond as its major bond

A

Organic Chemistry

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2
Q

Explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms

A

Biochemistry

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3
Q

The central science

A

Chemistry

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4
Q

Famous Biochemist who synthesized urea

A

Friedrich Wohler

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5
Q

Other name for urea

A

Carbamide

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6
Q

components of carbamide

A

Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen

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7
Q

T or F

Friedrich Wohler proved the organic components cannot be created

A

F (it can)

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8
Q

Famous biochemist who coined the term enzyme

A

Wilhelm Kuhne

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9
Q

The founder of modern biochem and coined the term “biochemistry”

A

Carl Neuberg

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10
Q

Who was the first to isolate an enzyme in crystalline form

A

James B. Sumner

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11
Q

T or F

Uracil breaks down urea to ammonia

A

F (Urease not Uracil)

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12
Q

T or F

Enzyme is a protein

A

T

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13
Q

The three scientists who discovered insulin

A

John James Rickard Macleod
Nicolae Paulescu
Frederick Grant Banting

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14
Q

T or F

insulin is a hormone in the pancreas that lowers blood sugar

A

T

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15
Q

The scientist who used bacteria to discover that DNA carried hereditary information

A

Frederick Griffith

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16
Q

4 scientists who discovered the double helix structure of DNA

A

James D. Watson
Francis Crick
Rosalind Franklin
Maurice Wilkins

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17
Q

Functional group that has an oxygen bound to alkyl or aryl groups, can be used for anesthetics or as an engine starter

A

Ether group

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18
Q

Functional group composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom (-OH)

A

hydroxyl group

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19
Q

This functional group is bonded to an alkyl and an alkoxy group (RCOOR’)

A

Ester group

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21
Q

T or F

Ether forms when acids are heated with alcohol

A

F (Esters are formed)

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21
Q

This functional group is characterized by Nitrogen connected by single bons to either hydrogen or carbon (NH2)

A

Amino group

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22
Q

Functional group whose Nitrogen is bonded to a carbonyl and amine group (R ( C = O ) N R 1 R 2)

A

Amide group

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23
Q

Functional group characterized by Oxygen bonded to a carbon by a double bond R−C(=O)−R’

A

Ketone

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24
Q

This group’s central carbon atom is bonded to a hydrogen and R group (R−CH=O)

A

aldehyde

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25
Q

Functional group characterized with sulfur bonded to hydrogen

A

Sulfhydryl / Thiol / Mercaptan

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26
Q

Functional group characterized with sulfur bonded to hydrogen

A

Sulfhydryl / Thiol / Mercaptan

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27
Q

Functional group characterized by nitrogen connected to hydrogen or carbon by single bonds (NH2)

A

Amino Group

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28
Q

Characterized by an amine connected to a carbonyl group (RCONH2)

A

Amide

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29
Q

This functional group consists of two hydrocarbon substituents connected to a carbonyl carbon (o is double bonded to carbon)

R−C(=O)−R’

A

Ketone

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30
Q

This group has a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen and R group (RCHO)

A

Aldehyde

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31
Q

Functional group characterized by sulfur bonded to hydrogen and an R group

A

Sulfhydryl / Thiol / Mercaptan

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32
Q

This functional group commonly has a foul smell and is corrosive

A

Sulfhydryl / Thiol / Mercaptan

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33
Q

A combination of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups

A

Carboxyl

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34
Q

These are hydrocarbons with a carbon carbon double bond

A

alkenes / olefins

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35
Q

Gas used to ripen fruit

A

Ethene gas (Alkene /olefin)

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36
Q

Functional group characterized with phosphorous bonded to 4 atoms of oxygen (3 single bonds, 1 double bond)

A

phosphate

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37
Q

The most abundant element in the universe (10,000,000)

A

Hydrogen

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38
Q

most abundant element in organisms

A

carbon (1,000)

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39
Q

Most abundant gas in the universe

A

oxygen

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40
Q

The element important for creating bonds and establishing life

A

carbon

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41
Q

the simplest element, containing 1 electron and 1 proton. (doesn’t have a neutron)

A

hydrogen

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42
Q

enumerate the 5 kingdoms

A

Fungi
Plants
Animals
Protista
Monera

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43
Q

Cell biology

These are more complex multicellular organisms with a nucleus and specialized organelles surrounded by a membrane

A

Eukaryote

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44
Q

T or F

The chromosomes in Eukaryotes are paired and linear

A

T

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45
Q

T or F
Prokaryotes does not have DNA while Eukaryotes have

A

F (Prokaryotes have DNA, they do not have a nucleus)

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46
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan layer

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47
Q

Site of cell respiration for prokaryotes

A

Cell membrane

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48
Q

Type of chromosome for prokaryotes

A

single circular

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49
Q

Where is the chromosome located for prokaryotes

A

nucleoid

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50
Q

T or F

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosomes

A

T

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51
Q

T or F

Chloroplasts can only be found in green and leafy prokaryotes

A

F (eukaryotes)

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52
Q

This is where chromosomes are located in eukaryotes

A

nucleus

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53
Q

Site of cell respiration for eukaryotes

A

mitochondria

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54
Q

T or F

Moneras are prokaryotes

A

T

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55
Q

How do monera reproduce?

A

fission

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56
Q

The location of the main genome in the cell, site for DNA and RNA synthesis as well

A

Nucleus

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57
Q

Through what reactions does the mitochondria yield energy?

A

redox reactions

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58
Q

This is a part of the cell that converts light energy to sugars through photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

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59
Q

flattened membranes that synthesize proteins

A

endoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

Digests waste products as it contains hydrolytic enzymes

A

lysosomes

61
Q

These are sacs containing enzymes that metabolize hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisomes

62
Q

what supports the organelles inside the cell membrane?

A

cytoskeleton and cytosol

63
Q

function of the cytoskeleton

A

cell contraction, motility and movement

64
Q

T or F

cytosol is a fluid that aids the movement of the organelles within the cell

A

T

65
Q

These are membrane enclosed sac in plant cells playing a storage and structural role

A

central vacuole

66
Q

recite the organization of the human body (smallest to largest)

A

cell - tissue - organ - organ system - orgaism

67
Q

This is the means of the organism to obtain energy and nutrients

A

metabolism

68
Q

biochemical energetics

this is the synthesis of more complex substances using simpler ones from the storage of energy

A

anabolism

69
Q

biochemical energetics

the break down of complex to simpler substances (release of energy)

A

catabolism

70
Q

also dubbed as carbohydrate utilization

A

anabolism

71
Q

an anaerobic energy generation

A

fermentation

72
Q

T or F

Fermentation produces acetoin, carbon dioxide, ethanol, lactate, and butyrate

A

F (it doesn’t produce co2)

73
Q

These are the product of respiration

A

carbon dioxide and water

74
Q

Fermentation pathway that converts yeasts to ethanol

A

Alcohol fermentation

75
Q

Fill in the blank (lactic acid formation)

Pyruvate + NADH <—> Lactic acid + ______ + (Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) -> lactic acid)

A

NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

76
Q

Fill in the blanks (Heterolactic fermentation)

(_______ -> mixed acids (lactic, formic and acetic acid; alcohols)

A

Lactobacillus

77
Q

Two aerobic pathways

A

Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

78
Q

Property of water defined by the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature to 1 gram of a substance one degree celsius

A

High specific heat

79
Q

Fill in the blank

1 calorie / gm °C = _____

A

4.186 J/gm °C

80
Q

Property of water that is defined by the amount of heat energy that we need in order to be able to change one gram of water into gas

A

High heat of vaporization

81
Q

Amount of energy needed to raise water’s temperature to 100 °C

A

540 cal/g

82
Q

Property of water that creates a slightly positive charge on hydrogen and a slightly negative charge on oxygen

A

Exhibits polarity

83
Q

T or F

Adhesion is water’s ability to stick to itself

A

F (cohesion)

84
Q

Ability of water to stick to itself

A

Cohesion

85
Q

What is the boiling point of water in Celsius

A

100° C

86
Q

Water’s freezing point in celsius

A

0°C

87
Q

Type of molecules that are not attracted to polar molecules such as water

A

Non-polar molecules

88
Q

These are minerals needed by the body in large amounts

A

Macrominerals

89
Q

T or F

Magnesium is a macromineral like Zinc

A

F Zinc is not a macromineral

90
Q

These are minerals needed by the body in trace amounts only (trace elements)

A

Micro minerals

91
Q

These are watered carbon that is the primary energy source of the body

A

Carbohydrates

92
Q

In what form are carbohydrates stored in the body

A

Glycogen

93
Q

Type of sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler form

A

Monosaccharide

94
Q

Monosaccharide found in fruits

A

Fructose

95
Q

Fill in the blank:

Examples of monosaccharides are fructose, glucose, and _____

A

Galactose

96
Q

Type of sugar formed when two monosaccharides are combined together

A

Disaccharide

97
Q

Product of two glucose molecules combined together

A

Maltose

98
Q

What are the two monosaccharides needed to form lactose

A

Glucose + galactose

99
Q

What is the resulting disaccharide when glucose and fructose are combined together

A

Sucrose

100
Q

______ insoluble to water but is soluble to other non polar solvents and it is comprised mainly of carbon and hydrogen bonds

A

Lipids

101
Q

Type of lipid that has a carbon to carbon double bond

A

Unsaturated

102
Q

What does saturated fats lack compared to unsaturated fats

A

Carbon to carbon double bond

103
Q

Classification of lipid that cannot be broken down into smaller molecules via hydrolysis

A

Non saponifiable

104
Q

T or F

Prostaglandins and cholesterol are examples of saponifiable lipids

A

F (non saponifiable)

105
Q

Fill in the blank

Saponifiable lipid has one or more ____ groups

A

Ester

106
Q

Which classification of lipid can undergo hydrolysis in the presence of base, acid, or enzymes, including waxes, triglycerides, sphingolipids and phospholipids

A

Saponifiable

107
Q

Type of saponifiable lipid that is composed of fatty acid and alcohol

A

Simple lipids

108
Q

T or F
Examples of simple lipids are waxes, fats, and glycerol

A

T

109
Q

Protein is made up of?

A

CHONS (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur)

110
Q

What does peptide bonds join to create proteins

A

polymer of amino acids

111
Q

what is an amino acid composed of?

A

amino groups and a carboxyl group

112
Q

Function of protein that speeds up a reaction

A

Enzyme (catalyst)

113
Q

this is a protein that transports o2

A

hemoglobin

114
Q

This protein maintains osmotic balance

A

albumin

115
Q

T or F

Immunoglobulins are the most abundant plasma protein

A

F (albumin)

116
Q

What are coagulation factors for?

A

hemostasis

117
Q

These are linear polymers consisting of monomers named nucleotides

A

Nucleic acis

118
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

119
Q

This nucleic acid passes down genetic information to an offspring

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

120
Q

This nucleic acid transcribes genetic info to an easy understood form by the cell

A

ribonucleic acid

121
Q

What differentiates an RNA from DNA in terms of chemical structure

A

RNA has two OH (hydroxyl) groups

122
Q

This is a group of organic compound essential for normal growth and function

A

vitamins

123
Q

This fat soluble vitamin aids with embryonic development and immunoresponse

A

A (retinol)

124
Q

Other names for vitamin D

A

Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol

125
Q

T or F

vitamin D aids in protein synthesis and bone metabolism

A

F (vit k)

126
Q

T or F

Tocopherol rids our body of free radicals and RBC formation

A

T (vit E)

127
Q

T or F

Phytonadione and Menadione has anti-hemorrhage properties

A

T vit K

128
Q

EMP is also known as what?

A

Glycolytic Pathway

129
Q

This pathway generates pentose and phosphate from synthesis of nucleotides

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

130
Q

This pathway transforms G6PD to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde phosphate

A

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

131
Q

This part of prokaryotic cell aid in attachment and conjunction

A

Pili

132
Q

This part of prokaryotic cell aids in movement

A

Flagella

133
Q

In the five kingdom classification, which kingdom is composed of prokaryotes?

A

Monera

134
Q

Sulfomide and Acetamide are examples of which functional group?

A

Amides

135
Q

Acetone, ketoses, and testosterone are examples of which functional group?

A

Ketones

136
Q

Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are what?

A

Amines (cathecolamine and neurotransmitters)

137
Q

This is a chemical mediator, associated with allergies and basophil

A

Histamine

138
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenine triphosphate

139
Q

What does NADP stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

140
Q

These are important in the structure component of nucleotide (DNA & RNA)

A

Phosphates (ATP, NADP)

141
Q

Which group does both Ketone and Aldehydes contain?

A

Carbonyl group (Carbon double-bonded to Oxygen)

142
Q

This vitamin related to Vit K is used for bleeding disorders

A

Antihemorrhagic vitamin

143
Q

Examples of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

A

Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc streptococcus

144
Q

What is the end product pf heterolactic fermentation?

A

Mixed acids (lactic, formic, and acetic acids; alcohols)

145
Q

Other names for Krebs cycle?

A

Citric acid cycle
Tricarboxylic acid cycle

biochem (31 decks)

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