(P) Biochemical Systems of the Cell (lec-based) Flashcards
1
Q
The study of compounds of carbon and hydrogens, has covalent bond as its major bond
A
Organic Chemistry
2
Q
Explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms
A
Biochemistry
3
Q
The central science
A
Chemistry
4
Q
Famous Biochemist who synthesized urea
A
Friedrich Wohler
5
Q
Other name for urea
A
Carbamide
6
Q
components of carbamide
A
Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
7
Q
T or F
Friedrich Wohler proved the organic components cannot be created
A
F (it can)
8
Q
Famous biochemist who coined the term enzyme
A
Wilhelm Kuhne
9
Q
The founder of modern biochem and coined the term “biochemistry”
A
Carl Neuberg
10
Q
Who was the first to isolate an enzyme in crystalline form
A
James B. Sumner
11
Q
T or F
Uracil breaks down urea to ammonia
A
F (Urease not Uracil)
12
Q
T or F
Enzyme is a protein
A
T
13
Q
The three scientists who discovered insulin
A
John James Rickard Macleod
Nicolae Paulescu
Frederick Grant Banting
14
Q
T or F
insulin is a hormone in the pancreas that lowers blood sugar
A
T
15
Q
The scientist who used bacteria to discover that DNA carried hereditary information
A
Frederick Griffith
16
Q
4 scientists who discovered the double helix structure of DNA
A
James D. Watson
Francis Crick
Rosalind Franklin
Maurice Wilkins
17
Q
Functional group that has an oxygen bound to alkyl or aryl groups, can be used for anesthetics or as an engine starter
A
Ether group
18
Q
Functional group composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom (-OH)
A
hydroxyl group
19
Q
This functional group is bonded to an alkyl and an alkoxy group (RCOOR’)
A
Ester group
21
Q
T or F
Ether forms when acids are heated with alcohol
A
F (Esters are formed)
21
Q
This functional group is characterized by Nitrogen connected by single bons to either hydrogen or carbon (NH2)
A
Amino group
22
Q
Functional group whose Nitrogen is bonded to a carbonyl and amine group (R ( C = O ) N R 1 R 2)
A
Amide group
23
Q
Functional group characterized by Oxygen bonded to a carbon by a double bond R−C(=O)−R’
A
Ketone
24
Q
This group’s central carbon atom is bonded to a hydrogen and R group (R−CH=O)
A
aldehyde
25
Functional group characterized with sulfur bonded to hydrogen
Sulfhydryl / Thiol / Mercaptan
26
Functional group characterized with sulfur bonded to hydrogen
Sulfhydryl / Thiol / Mercaptan
27
Functional group characterized by nitrogen connected to hydrogen or carbon by single bonds (NH2)
Amino Group
28
Characterized by an amine connected to a carbonyl group (RCONH2)
Amide
29
This functional group consists of two hydrocarbon substituents connected to a carbonyl carbon (o is double bonded to carbon)
R−C(=O)−R'
Ketone
30
This group has a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen and R group (RCHO)
Aldehyde
31
Functional group characterized by sulfur bonded to hydrogen and an R group
Sulfhydryl / Thiol / Mercaptan
32
This functional group commonly has a foul smell and is corrosive
Sulfhydryl / Thiol / Mercaptan
33
A combination of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups
Carboxyl
34
These are hydrocarbons with a carbon carbon double bond
alkenes / olefins
35
Gas used to ripen fruit
Ethene gas (Alkene /olefin)
36
Functional group characterized with phosphorous bonded to 4 atoms of oxygen (3 single bonds, 1 double bond)
phosphate
37
The most abundant element in the universe (10,000,000)
Hydrogen
38
most abundant element in organisms
carbon (1,000)
39
Most abundant gas in the universe
oxygen
40
The element important for creating bonds and establishing life
carbon
41
the simplest element, containing 1 electron and 1 proton. (doesn't have a neutron)
hydrogen
42
enumerate the 5 kingdoms
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Protista
Monera
43
Cell biology
These are more complex multicellular organisms with a nucleus and specialized organelles surrounded by a membrane
Eukaryote
44
T or F
The chromosomes in Eukaryotes are paired and linear
T
45
T or F
Prokaryotes does not have DNA while Eukaryotes have
F (Prokaryotes have DNA, they do not have a nucleus)
46
What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?
Peptidoglycan layer
47
Site of cell respiration for prokaryotes
Cell membrane
48
Type of chromosome for prokaryotes
single circular
49
Where is the chromosome located for prokaryotes
nucleoid
50
T or F
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have ribosomes
T
51
T or F
Chloroplasts can only be found in green and leafy prokaryotes
F (eukaryotes)
52
This is where chromosomes are located in eukaryotes
nucleus
53
Site of cell respiration for eukaryotes
mitochondria
54
T or F
Moneras are prokaryotes
T
55
How do monera reproduce?
fission
56
The location of the main genome in the cell, site for DNA and RNA synthesis as well
Nucleus
57
Through what reactions does the mitochondria yield energy?
redox reactions
58
This is a part of the cell that converts light energy to sugars through photosynthesis
chloroplast
59
flattened membranes that synthesize proteins
endoplasmic reticulum
60
Digests waste products as it contains hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes
61
These are sacs containing enzymes that metabolize hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
62
what supports the organelles inside the cell membrane?
cytoskeleton and cytosol
63
function of the cytoskeleton
cell contraction, motility and movement
64
T or F
cytosol is a fluid that aids the movement of the organelles within the cell
T
65
These are membrane enclosed sac in plant cells playing a storage and structural role
central vacuole
66
recite the organization of the human body (smallest to largest)
cell - tissue - organ - organ system - orgaism
67
This is the means of the organism to obtain energy and nutrients
metabolism
68
biochemical energetics
this is the synthesis of more complex substances using simpler ones from the storage of energy
anabolism
69
biochemical energetics
the break down of complex to simpler substances (release of energy)
catabolism
70
also dubbed as carbohydrate utilization
anabolism
71
an anaerobic energy generation
fermentation
72
T or F
Fermentation produces acetoin, carbon dioxide, ethanol, lactate, and butyrate
F (it doesn't produce co2)
73
These are the product of respiration
carbon dioxide and water
74
Fermentation pathway that converts yeasts to ethanol
Alcohol fermentation
75
Fill in the blank (lactic acid formation)
Pyruvate + NADH <—> Lactic acid + ______ + (Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) -> lactic acid)
NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
76
Fill in the blanks (Heterolactic fermentation)
(_______ -> mixed acids (lactic, formic and acetic acid; alcohols)
Lactobacillus
77
Two aerobic pathways
Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
78
Property of water defined by the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature to 1 gram of a substance one degree celsius
High specific heat
79
Fill in the blank
1 calorie / gm °C = _____
4.186 J/gm °C
80
Property of water that is defined by the amount of heat energy that we need in order to be able to change one gram of water into gas
High heat of vaporization
81
Amount of energy needed to raise water’s temperature to 100 °C
540 cal/g
82
Property of water that creates a slightly positive charge on hydrogen and a slightly negative charge on oxygen
Exhibits polarity
83
T or F
Adhesion is water’s ability to stick to itself
F (cohesion)
84
Ability of water to stick to itself
Cohesion
85
What is the boiling point of water in Celsius
100° C
86
Water’s freezing point in celsius
0°C
87
Type of molecules that are not attracted to polar molecules such as water
Non-polar molecules
88
These are minerals needed by the body in large amounts
Macrominerals
89
T or F
Magnesium is a macromineral like Zinc
F Zinc is not a macromineral
90
These are minerals needed by the body in trace amounts only (trace elements)
Micro minerals
91
These are watered carbon that is the primary energy source of the body
Carbohydrates
92
In what form are carbohydrates stored in the body
Glycogen
93
Type of sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler form
Monosaccharide
94
Monosaccharide found in fruits
Fructose
95
Fill in the blank:
Examples of monosaccharides are fructose, glucose, and _____
Galactose
96
Type of sugar formed when two monosaccharides are combined together
Disaccharide
97
Product of two glucose molecules combined together
Maltose
98
What are the two monosaccharides needed to form lactose
Glucose + galactose
99
What is the resulting disaccharide when glucose and fructose are combined together
Sucrose
100
______ insoluble to water but is soluble to other non polar solvents and it is comprised mainly of carbon and hydrogen bonds
Lipids
101
Type of lipid that has a carbon to carbon double bond
Unsaturated
102
What does saturated fats lack compared to unsaturated fats
Carbon to carbon double bond
103
Classification of lipid that cannot be broken down into smaller molecules via hydrolysis
Non saponifiable
104
T or F
Prostaglandins and cholesterol are examples of saponifiable lipids
F (non saponifiable)
105
Fill in the blank
Saponifiable lipid has one or more ____ groups
Ester
106
Which classification of lipid can undergo hydrolysis in the presence of base, acid, or enzymes, including waxes, triglycerides, sphingolipids and phospholipids
Saponifiable
107
Type of saponifiable lipid that is composed of fatty acid and alcohol
Simple lipids
108
T or F
Examples of simple lipids are waxes, fats, and glycerol
T
109
Protein is made up of?
CHONS (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur)
110
What does peptide bonds join to create proteins
polymer of amino acids
111
what is an amino acid composed of?
amino groups and a carboxyl group
112
Function of protein that speeds up a reaction
Enzyme (catalyst)
113
this is a protein that transports o2
hemoglobin
114
This protein maintains osmotic balance
albumin
115
T or F
Immunoglobulins are the most abundant plasma protein
F (albumin)
116
What are coagulation factors for?
hemostasis
117
These are linear polymers consisting of monomers named nucleotides
Nucleic acis
118
What makes up a nucleotide?
sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
119
This nucleic acid passes down genetic information to an offspring
Deoxyribonucleic acid
120
This nucleic acid transcribes genetic info to an easy understood form by the cell
ribonucleic acid
121
What differentiates an RNA from DNA in terms of chemical structure
RNA has two OH (hydroxyl) groups
122
This is a group of organic compound essential for normal growth and function
vitamins
123
This fat soluble vitamin aids with embryonic development and immunoresponse
A (retinol)
124
Other names for vitamin D
Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol
125
T or F
vitamin D aids in protein synthesis and bone metabolism
F (vit k)
126
T or F
Tocopherol rids our body of free radicals and RBC formation
T (vit E)
127
T or F
Phytonadione and Menadione has anti-hemorrhage properties
T vit K
128
EMP is also known as what?
Glycolytic Pathway
129
This pathway generates pentose and phosphate from synthesis of nucleotides
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
130
This pathway transforms G6PD to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde phosphate
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
131
This part of prokaryotic cell aid in attachment and conjunction
Pili
132
This part of prokaryotic cell aids in movement
Flagella
133
In the five kingdom classification, which kingdom is composed of prokaryotes?
Monera
134
Sulfomide and Acetamide are examples of which functional group?
Amides
135
Acetone, ketoses, and testosterone are examples of which functional group?
Ketones
136
Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are what?
Amines (cathecolamine and neurotransmitters)
137
This is a chemical mediator, associated with allergies and basophil
Histamine
138
What does ATP stand for?
Adenine triphosphate
139
What does NADP stand for?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
140
These are important in the structure component of nucleotide (DNA & RNA)
Phosphates (ATP, NADP)
141
Which group does both Ketone and Aldehydes contain?
Carbonyl group (Carbon double-bonded to Oxygen)
142
This vitamin related to Vit K is used for bleeding disorders
Antihemorrhagic vitamin
143
Examples of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc streptococcus
144
What is the end product pf heterolactic fermentation?
Mixed acids (lactic, formic, and acetic acids; alcohols)
145
Other names for Krebs cycle?
Citric acid cycle
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
