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(F) immunology Flashcards

1
Q

study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced to the body

A

immunology

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2
Q

non-self antigen that enters the body

A

foreign substances

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3
Q

three types of infections

A

viral, bacterial, and parasitic

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4
Q

Enumerate three roles of immune system

A
  1. defend against infection
  2. recognize and respond to foreign antigen
  3. defend body against tumor development
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5
Q

where does tumors come from

A

cancer cell that has proliferated

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6
Q

condition of being resistant to infection

A

immunity

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7
Q

Recognition of foreign substances and subsequent production of antibodies to these substances

A

immunity

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8
Q

innate and natural immunity, non-specific, present at birth

A

natural immunity

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9
Q

how does a person develop natural immunity

A

you get it from birth, and enhanced as you mature

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10
Q

barriers that prevent infectious agents from entering the body

A

External Defense mechanism

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11
Q

Use this card to familiarize yourself with structural / physical barriers examples

A

intact skin,
mucuous membranes of respiratory and GI tract
ciliated epithelium
lacrimal apparatus
sweat and sebaceous glands

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12
Q

peristaltic movement of intestine is what type of external defense mechanism

A

mechanical barriers

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13
Q

what are the three examples of chemical barriers

A

acid pH
lysozyme
lactoferrin

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14
Q

barrier that recognizes molecules unique to infectious organism

A

internal defense mechanism

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15
Q

enumerate the three internal defense mechanisms

A

physiological factors
basic polypeptides
interferons

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16
Q

mediator of inflammatory response

Internal defense mechanism

A

complement

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17
Q

normal serum constituents that increase rapidly by 25% due to infection, injury, or trauma to tissues are present

Natural immunity: Internal defense mechansm

A

Acute phase reactants

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18
Q

use this card to familiarize yourself with Acute phase reactants

A

CRP c reactive protein
Serum amyloid A
Alpha 1
Anti trypsin
haptoglobin
Fibrinogen

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19
Q

cell process that defends the body against pathogen

A type of natural immunity

A

cellular defense mechanism

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20
Q

50 -70 % of total peripheral white blood cells

A

neutrophil

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21
Q

what does a high neutrophil count indicate?

A

bacterial infection

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22
Q

This is characterized by granules in cells

A

granulocytes

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23
Q

this is characterized by lack of granules in cells

A

agranulocytes

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24
Q

Does neutrophil have granules in its cell

A

yes (granulocyte)

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25
what type of granules are enzymes like myeloperoxidase, elastase, proteinase 3, lysozyme, cathepsin G, and defensins
primary granules
26
what type of granules are collagenase, lactoferrin, lysozyme, reduced NADPH oxidase
secondary granules
27
what are the granules that contain gelatinase and plasminogen together
tertiary granules
28
These increase in cases of allergic reactions and parasitic infection | cellular defense mechanism
eosinophils
29
Do eosinophils contain granules in their cells
yes (granulocyte)
30
These increase in cases of allergies and general infection
basophil
31
basophil commonly increases in cases of _______
allergies
32
this contains acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and protein | cellular defense mechanism
mast cells
33
do basophils have granules in their cells?
yes (granulocytes)
34
The largest WBC | Natural immunity: cellular defense mechanism
monocyte
35
engulfs foreign material
phagocytes
36
phagocyte in blood
Monocyte
37
larger monocytes on tissue
tissue macrophages
38
Main function is to phagocytose foreign antigen and present it to helper T lymphocytes | Natural Immunity: cellular defense mechanism
dendritic cell
39
adaptive immunity, specific reaction
acquired
40
T or F In acquired immunity, it will be stronger the second time it encounters a particular pathogen
T
41
Allows body to recognize, remember and respond to specific stimulus, an antigen
adaptive immunity
42
Allows host to respond more effectively if re-infection with the same microorganism occurs
adaptive immunity
43
Key cells involved in immune response | Acquired Immunity: cellular
lymphocytes
44
diameter of lymphocytes
7-10 micrometer
45
A lymphocyte has _________ and may be ________
large rounded nucleus, may be indented
46
what are the primary lymphoid organs of lymphocytes
bone marrow and thymus
47
what are the secondary lymphoid organs of lymphocytes
spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, tonsils, and other mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
48
Where is t lymph found
thymus note lang: it is produced in the bone marrow but matures in the thymus
49
Where is b lymphocytes found
bone marrow
50
produces cellular Immune responses, involved in antibody reaction regulation, in conjunction with B lymphocytes
t lymphocytes
51
what are early surface markers on thymocytes
CD 44 and CD25
52
this directly eliminates foreign antigen or infected cell
T lymphocytes
53
This lymphocyte has the capacity to produce antibodies after differentiation into plasma cells
b lymphocytes
54
These can produce a wide range of cytokines and chemokines
Activated b cells
55
these 2 modulates the maturation, migration, and function of other immune effector cells
cytokines and chemokines
56
b lymphocytes can expand _______, allowing them to be the numerically dominant APCs
clonally
57
these are larger than t and b cells, cytolytic, produces a non-specific reaction, and is involved in cell lysis / destruction
NK Cells (Natural killer)
58
what is the diameter of NK cells
15 micrometer
59
NK cells contain a ____ shaped nuclei with condensed chromatin and prominent nucleoli
kidney-shaped
60
Can mediate cytolitic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure to them | Acquired Immunity: cellular
NK Cells
61
what are the clusters of differentiation for NK cells
CD16, CD56, CD94
62
what are the two main types of adaptive immunity
active and passive
63
adaptive immunity that is created after encountering a pathogen
active natural
64
adaptive immunity that is created after vaccination
active artificial
65
adaptive immunity that is passed to you by your mother at birth
passive natural
66
adaptive immunity that is created after being given a blood product
passive artificial
67
enumerate the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation
rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, function laesa
68
redness of the area (incision area) where infection occurred / entered
rubor
69
generation of heat because of increased blood flow of area
calor
70
swelling | cardinal signs
tumor
71
patient suffers from pain | cardinal signs
dolor
72
part inflamed cannot be used (loss of function) | cardinal signs
functio laesa
73
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