(F) Metabolism I (book-based) Flashcards
Has the same structure as ATP, with 1 less
phosphate group
ADP
3 explanations how ATP/ADP generate high energy.
- electrostatic repulsion
- ionization and resonance
- entropy rises
- Major electron acceptor for catabolic reaction
- oxidize alcohol groups to carbonyl
groups - essential molecule in many metabolic processes like beta-oxidation, glycolysis, and TCA cycle
NAD+
responsible for contributing electrons to the ETC to drive oxidative phosphorylation and also pyruvate during fermentation processes
NADH
major electron donator for anabolic reactions
NADPH
- synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors and is crucial to the maintenance of blood glucose levels during starvation or during vigorous exercise
- occurs primarily in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidney
- important precursors of glucose in animals are three-carbon compounds such as lactate, pyruvate and glycerol as well as certain amino acids
- process of conversion of pyruvate to glucose
gluconeogenesis
process of conversion of glucose to
pyruvate
glycolysis
What is needed to convert to oxaloacetate?
pyruvate
After the conversion of pyruvate, it is decarboxylated and phosphorylated to?
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase
finally, glucose 6-phosphate is dephosphorylated by glucose 6- phosphatase to yield?
glucose
main source of glucose carbons for gluconeogenesis is?
Alanine
derived from the breakdown of muscle proteins
alanine
T or F. fatty acids cannot be transformed to glucose and other sugars
T
what supplies pentoses to NADPH
Pentose Phosphate Shunt
a precursor for the synthesis of nucleotides
ribose-5-phosphate
What is the oxidative conversion of NADPH?
(glucose-6-phosphate, to) ribose-5-phosphate
a key biosynthetic intermediate in nucleic acid synthesis
ribose-5-phosphate
used for biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids
erthyrose-4-phosphate
what branch is important in reductive biosynthesis as it is a major source of the reductant NADPH used in biosynthetic reactions
oxidative branch
There is the continued production of NADPH and converting glucose 6-phosphate (in six cycles) to?
CO2
source of carbon atoms for the synthesis of more complex lipids such as fatty acids, sterols and isoprenoids
Acetyl-CoA
When energy demands in a cell are not high, citrate, the condensation product of acetylCoA and in TCA cycle, builds up in the?
mitochondrial matrix
The citrate that is build up in the mitochondrial matrix is then carried by the citrate transporter (an inner mitochondrial membrane protein) to the cytoplasm, where it is split back to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA by the cytoplasmic enzyme, titled?
citrate lyase
The acetyl-CoA formed in the cytoplasm can then be used in reductive biosynthesis using NADPH as the reductant to form?
fatty acids, isoprenoids, and sterols
T or F. Reactions cannot be coupled together.
F (can; this occurs when the phosphorylation of glucose is coupled to the hydrolysis of one phosphate group of ATP)
T or F. We can add the phosphorylation of glucose and the hydrolysis of ATP together to determine the overall energy change and make sure that, overall, it is exergonic.
T
a non protein substance that
takes part in an enzymatic reaction and is
regenerated at the end of the reaction
coenzyme
Written as a reversible reaction because the
occurrence of oxidation or reduction depends
on the other reagents present
oxidation half reaction
stronger oxidizing agents than NAD1 and NADP1
FLAVIN
T or F. Flavins can be reduced by both one-electron and two-electron pathways and can be reoxidized easily by molecular oxygen.
T
Enzymes that use flavins to carry out their reactions
flavoenzymes
T or F. The energy of hydrolysis of ATP is not stored energy.
T (just as an electric current does not represent stored energy)
T or F, The reduction processes take place when the organism needs the energy that can be generated by the hydrolysis of ATP
F (oxidation)
Understand ATP in Cell Signaling
read it sa page 17 ng senior’s transes
Understanding ko
- The free phosphates and ADP is recycled into ATP in the mitochondria then used, once delivered in the cytoplasm
In what form these coenzymes serve as the intermediate oxidizing agents needed in catabolism
oxidized
In what form the same coenzymes provide the “reducing power” needed for the anabolic processes of biosynthesis
reduced
Understand the Role of Electron Transfer and ATP Production in Metabolism
input ur summarized understanding here
Activation in bioenergetics involves a metabolite (a component of a metabolic pathway) bonding to some other molecule, such as a?
coenzyme and freeenergy change (for breaking this new bond is negative)
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