(F) Metabolism II (transes based) Flashcards
1
Q
2 types of glucose metabolism
A
aerobic and anaerobic
2
Q
end product of aerobic glucose metabolism
A
pyruvate
3
Q
T or F
fermentation does not need oxygen to take place
A
T
4
Q
end product of anaerobic glucose metabolism
A
lactate
5
Q
what does lactate form that causes acidosis in the cells
A
lactic acid
6
Q
how many carbons is in pyruvate
A
3 carbons
7
Q
how many moles of pyruvate will arise from one mole of glucose?
A
2
8
Q
T or F
glycolysis does not need oxygen in order to take place
A
T
9
Q
condition that takes place when oxygen is unavailable and depleted, resulting to a reduced blood flow within the body
A
ischemia
10
Q
what is the source of energy
A
ATP
11
Q
where does ATP usually come from?
A
glucose
12
Q
what do you call the different processes that takes place at different places within the cell to yield ATP?
A
cellular respiration
13
Q
enumerate the steps of cellular respiration
A
glycolysis
pyruvate oxydation
citric acid / krebs cycle
electron transport system
14
Q
what is the product of glycolysis?
A
two moles of pyruvates
15
Q
what is formed after the second step of cellular respiration?
A
2 acetyl CoA
(because there’s 2 moles of pyruvate, each giving rise to an acetyl coenzyme A)
16
Q
end product of krebs cycle
A
oxaloacetate
17
Q
what is formed with the combination of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate?
A
citrate
18
Q
how many carbons are in citrate?
A
6
19
Q
what is the product produced by krebs cycle along with other high-energy bonds
A
ADP
20
Q
what uses the high energy of protons and electrons to power ATP synthesis
A
Electron transport system (ETP)
21
Q
what does the ETP use to produce ATP
A
ADP
22
Q
end product of ETP that is later converted to water
A
oxygen
23
Q
T or F
cellular respiration is actually an anabolic reaction taking place in the cell
A
F (catabolic)
24
Q
T or F
Waste products are not released when you have aerobic respiration as oxygen is required
A
F (it is released)
25
Where is the site wherein glycolysis occurs?
cytoplasm
26
T or F
pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle, and electron transport system takes place within the cytoplasm
F (mitochondira)
27
series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two pyruvates
glycolysis
28
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate is an unstable compund thus, it will be broken down into:
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
29
a biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound
phosphorylation
30
DHAP will be converted into
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
31
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate will be converted into
pyruvate
32
what are produced with the conversion of glyceraldehyde triphosphate to pyruvate?
2 moles of ATP and NADH
33
how many moles of ATP, NADH, and Pyruvate will be formed in total in Krebs Cycle?
4 moles ATP, 2 moles of NADH, and 2 moles of Pyruvate
34
in pyruvate oxidation,
what process will be used to metabolize your pyruvate?
CoA-SH or coenzyme SH (sulfhydryl group = SH)
35
what is CoA-SH?
a coenzyme bounded to a sylfhydryl group
36
what causes the formation of NADH and CO2 in pyruvate oxidation?
presence of NAD+
37
T or F
the added carbon from the pyruvate will form carbon dioxide?
F (removed)
38
where did NADH get the hydrogen from?
sulfhydryl group
39
Pyruvate undergoes _______ since one
carbon is removed to form carbon dioxide and you
form two carbons, acetyl, bonds to your CoA
decarboxylation
40
what enzyme complex converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
pyruvate dehydrogenase
41
what is the link reaction to pyruvate oxidation
pyruvate oxidative decaboxylation
42
T or F
NAD+ is oxidated into NADH
F (reduced)
43
what is the main product formed through pyruvate oxidation
acetyl CoA
44
other names (2) for the citric acid cycle
tricarboxylic acid cycle
krebs cycle
45
who postulated the tricarboxylic cycle
Hans Krebs
46
A series of 8 processes where the Acetyl CoA is
oxidized to form 2 molecules of carbon dioxide and
in the process, 1 ATP is produced (GTP is equivalent
to ATP), and reduced high energy compounds like
your NADH and FADH2 (they contain hydride)
Krebs cycle
47
substrate of isocitrate dehydrogenase
isocitrate
48
process that isocitrate dehydrogenase
dehydration and decarboxylation
49
substrate of cis-Acotinase
citrate
50
process of cis-Acotinase
isomerization
51
substate of a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
a-ketoglutarate
52
process of a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
dehydrogenation and decarboxylation
53
substrate of succinyl-CoA synthethase
Succinyl-CoA
54
process of succinyl-CoA synthethase
conversion
55
substrate of succinate dehydrogenase (complex II)
succinate
56
process of Succinate dehydrogenase (complex II)
oxidation
57
substrate of Fumarase
Fumarate
58
what is the process of fumarase
presence of H2O
59
what is the substrate of Malate dehydrogenase
malate
60
what is the process of Malate dehydrogenase
dehydrogenation
61
what is the substrate of citrate synthase
oxaloacetate
62
what is the process of citrate synthase
condensation
63
T or F
during the conversion of malate to malate dehydrogenase, NAD+ is oxidized to NADH as there is also the conversion of high energy bonds in the process
F (reduction)
64
The process wherein one of the carbons of the substance will be removed and released as carbon dioxide
decarboxylation
65
how many carbons are in oxaloacetate?
4
66
how many carbons are in acetyl-CoA
2
67
how many carbons are in citrate
6
68
how many carbons will isocitrate will have after conversion from citrate
still 6
69
what processes does isocitrate undergo to form a-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenation and decarboxylation
70
this process is the formulation of high energy bond
dehydrogenation
71
how many carbons are in succinyl-CoA
4 carbons
72
T or F
oxaloacetate will condense with pyruvate for krebs cycle to repeat
F (it condenses with Acetyl-CoA)
73
what are the energies produced during the krebs cycle
* GTP
* NADH - 3
* FADH2 - 1
* ATP - 1
74
when you see this card, aralin mo ulit yung krebs cycle
go bhie wag tamad
75
T or F
cellular respiration is an anabolic process
F (catabolic)
76
this means to absorb energy in the form of work
endergonic
77
in what form is the energy produced by the krebs cycle is stored?
ATP
78
T or F
One mole of glucose contains 2 pyruvates, therefore,
the cycle will proceed thrice
F (twice)
79
total energy yielded after the krebs cycle
6 moles of NADH
FADH2 - 2
ATP - 2
80
What are the products of pyruvate oxidization
carbon dioxide and acetyl CoA
81
what is the end product of krebs cycle that starts the cycle again
oxaloacetate
82
what phosphorylates ADP to ATP
guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
83
What are the coenzymes that forms in the krebs cycle that are used in the electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2
84
The product produced in the last step of cellular respiration
molecular oxygen
85
How much ATP molecules can be created with the energy NADH provides
2.5 ATP moleules
86
what is the process called that introduces a phosphate group into a molecule or compound
phosphorylation
87
____ NADH molecules are formed in the krebs cycle, hence _____ ATP molecules are produced
6 NADH and 15 ATP
87
Each FADH2 coenzymes is capable of synthesizing ___ ATP molecules
1.5
88
a series of proteins and
organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria.
Electron transport chain
89
the high energy bonds that goes to the electron transport chain
NADH and FADH2
90
pertains to the enzymes used
reductase
91
these captures every energy that's released every time bonds are broken in the krebs cycle
electron carriers
92
As they pass through the electron transport
mechanism, the ______ is released
hydrogen ion
93
released by NADH and FADH2 and are used as energy source
hydride ions
94
T or F
NADH and FADH2 turned back to NAD+ and FAD cannot be reused
f (can be reused)
95
how many moles of water will be formed in electron transport chain
2
96
T or F
as electron are passed down the chain, they move from a lower to a higher energy level, thus releasing eergy
F (higher to lower energy level)
97
T or F
Intermembrane space has higher energy than the matrix
T
98
where will H+ ions pass through on their way back to the matrix
ATP synthase
99
what creates ATP
ATP synthase
100
how many H+ ions are needed to catalyze ATP synthesis
3
101
what digests triglycerides
lipase
102
what is formed after TAG digestion
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
103
what does fatty acids undergo to form acyl units
beta oxidation
104
what is chopped off from fatty acids to form acyl units
2-carbon acyl
105
acyl units will become ______ to be used in the citric acid cycle
Acetyl CoA
106
where does beta oxidation occur
mitochondria
107
proteolytic enzyme that acts upon protein
pepsin
108
enzyme present in our stomach thatcomes from pepsinogen
pepsin
109
process that forms new glucose from non-glucose sources
gluconeogenesis
110
amino acids and _____ go through gluconeogenesis
glycerol
111
Gluconeogenesis will form_________
and these will be absorbed in the liver and will be
converted into glucose.
Glucose 6-phosphate
112
means breakdown of lipids into fatty
acids.
lipolysis
113
synthesis of lipids and fatty acids
Lipogenesis
114
This diet is composed of very low carbohydrates
and very high fat diet.
ketogenic diet
115
the product of beta oxidation during ketogenic diet
ketones
116
end products of ketone bodies during ketogenic diet
β-hydroxybutyrate,
acetoacetate,
acetone
117
a metabolic state that occurs when your
body burns fat for energy instead of
glucose
ketosis
118
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I'm so proud of you! please rest for at least 5 mins and drink plenty of water love you <33
