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biochem > (F) Metabolism II (transes based) > Flashcards

(F) Metabolism II (transes based) Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of glucose metabolism

A

aerobic and anaerobic

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2
Q

end product of aerobic glucose metabolism

A

pyruvate

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3
Q

T or F
fermentation does not need oxygen to take place

A

T

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4
Q

end product of anaerobic glucose metabolism

A

lactate

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5
Q

what does lactate form that causes acidosis in the cells

A

lactic acid

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6
Q

how many carbons is in pyruvate

A

3 carbons

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7
Q

how many moles of pyruvate will arise from one mole of glucose?

A

2

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8
Q

T or F

glycolysis does not need oxygen in order to take place

A

T

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9
Q

condition that takes place when oxygen is unavailable and depleted, resulting to a reduced blood flow within the body

A

ischemia

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10
Q

what is the source of energy

A

ATP

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11
Q

where does ATP usually come from?

A

glucose

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12
Q

what do you call the different processes that takes place at different places within the cell to yield ATP?

A

cellular respiration

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13
Q

enumerate the steps of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
pyruvate oxydation
citric acid / krebs cycle
electron transport system

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14
Q

what is the product of glycolysis?

A

two moles of pyruvates

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15
Q

what is formed after the second step of cellular respiration?

A

2 acetyl CoA
(because there’s 2 moles of pyruvate, each giving rise to an acetyl coenzyme A)

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16
Q

end product of krebs cycle

A

oxaloacetate

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17
Q

what is formed with the combination of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate?

A

citrate

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18
Q

how many carbons are in citrate?

A

6

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19
Q

what is the product produced by krebs cycle along with other high-energy bonds

A

ADP

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20
Q

what uses the high energy of protons and electrons to power ATP synthesis

A

Electron transport system (ETP)

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21
Q

what does the ETP use to produce ATP

A

ADP

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22
Q

end product of ETP that is later converted to water

A

oxygen

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23
Q

T or F

cellular respiration is actually an anabolic reaction taking place in the cell

A

F (catabolic)

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24
Q

T or F

Waste products are not released when you have aerobic respiration as oxygen is required

A

F (it is released)

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25
Q

Where is the site wherein glycolysis occurs?

A

cytoplasm

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26
Q

T or F

pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle, and electron transport system takes place within the cytoplasm

A

F (mitochondira)

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27
Q

series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two pyruvates

A

glycolysis

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28
Q

Fructose-1,6-biphosphate is an unstable compund thus, it will be broken down into:

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

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29
Q

a biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound

A

phosphorylation

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30
Q

DHAP will be converted into

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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31
Q

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate will be converted into

A

pyruvate

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32
Q

what are produced with the conversion of glyceraldehyde triphosphate to pyruvate?

A

2 moles of ATP and NADH

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33
Q

how many moles of ATP, NADH, and Pyruvate will be formed in total in Krebs Cycle?

A

4 moles ATP, 2 moles of NADH, and 2 moles of Pyruvate

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34
Q

in pyruvate oxidation,

what process will be used to metabolize your pyruvate?

A

CoA-SH or coenzyme SH (sulfhydryl group = SH)

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35
Q

what is CoA-SH?

A

a coenzyme bounded to a sylfhydryl group

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36
Q

what causes the formation of NADH and CO2 in pyruvate oxidation?

A

presence of NAD+

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37
Q

T or F

the added carbon from the pyruvate will form carbon dioxide?

A

F (removed)

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38
Q

where did NADH get the hydrogen from?

A

sulfhydryl group

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39
Q

Pyruvate undergoes _______ since one
carbon is removed to form carbon dioxide and you
form two carbons, acetyl, bonds to your CoA

A

decarboxylation

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40
Q

what enzyme complex converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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41
Q

what is the link reaction to pyruvate oxidation

A

pyruvate oxidative decaboxylation

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42
Q

T or F

NAD+ is oxidated into NADH

A

F (reduced)

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43
Q

what is the main product formed through pyruvate oxidation

A

acetyl CoA

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44
Q

other names (2) for the citric acid cycle

A

tricarboxylic acid cycle
krebs cycle

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45
Q

who postulated the tricarboxylic cycle

A

Hans Krebs

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46
Q

A series of 8 processes where the Acetyl CoA is
oxidized to form 2 molecules of carbon dioxide and
in the process, 1 ATP is produced (GTP is equivalent
to ATP), and reduced high energy compounds like
your NADH and FADH2 (they contain hydride)

A

Krebs cycle

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47
Q

substrate of isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

isocitrate

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48
Q

process that isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

dehydration and decarboxylation

49
Q

substrate of cis-Acotinase

A

citrate

50
Q

process of cis-Acotinase

A

isomerization

51
Q

substate of a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

a-ketoglutarate

52
Q

process of a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

dehydrogenation and decarboxylation

53
Q

substrate of succinyl-CoA synthethase

A

Succinyl-CoA

54
Q

process of succinyl-CoA synthethase

A

conversion

55
Q

substrate of succinate dehydrogenase (complex II)

A

succinate

56
Q

process of Succinate dehydrogenase (complex II)

A

oxidation

57
Q

substrate of Fumarase

A

Fumarate

58
Q

what is the process of fumarase

A

presence of H2O

59
Q

what is the substrate of Malate dehydrogenase

A

malate

60
Q

what is the process of Malate dehydrogenase

A

dehydrogenation

61
Q

what is the substrate of citrate synthase

A

oxaloacetate

62
Q

what is the process of citrate synthase

A

condensation

63
Q

T or F

during the conversion of malate to malate dehydrogenase, NAD+ is oxidized to NADH as there is also the conversion of high energy bonds in the process

A

F (reduction)

64
Q

The process wherein one of the carbons of the substance will be removed and released as carbon dioxide

A

decarboxylation

65
Q

how many carbons are in oxaloacetate?

A

4

66
Q

how many carbons are in acetyl-CoA

A

2

67
Q

how many carbons are in citrate

A

6

68
Q

how many carbons will isocitrate will have after conversion from citrate

A

still 6

69
Q

what processes does isocitrate undergo to form a-ketoglutarate

A

dehydrogenation and decarboxylation

70
Q

this process is the formulation of high energy bond

A

dehydrogenation

71
Q

how many carbons are in succinyl-CoA

A

4 carbons

72
Q

T or F

oxaloacetate will condense with pyruvate for krebs cycle to repeat

A

F (it condenses with Acetyl-CoA)

73
Q

what are the energies produced during the krebs cycle

A
  • GTP
  • NADH - 3
  • FADH2 - 1
  • ATP - 1
74
Q

when you see this card, aralin mo ulit yung krebs cycle

A

go bhie wag tamad

75
Q

T or F

cellular respiration is an anabolic process

A

F (catabolic)

76
Q

this means to absorb energy in the form of work

A

endergonic

77
Q

in what form is the energy produced by the krebs cycle is stored?

A

ATP

78
Q

T or F
One mole of glucose contains 2 pyruvates, therefore,
the cycle will proceed thrice

A

F (twice)

79
Q

total energy yielded after the krebs cycle

A

6 moles of NADH
FADH2 - 2
ATP - 2

80
Q

What are the products of pyruvate oxidization

A

carbon dioxide and acetyl CoA

81
Q

what is the end product of krebs cycle that starts the cycle again

A

oxaloacetate

82
Q

what phosphorylates ADP to ATP

A

guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

83
Q

What are the coenzymes that forms in the krebs cycle that are used in the electron transport chain

A

NADH and FADH2

84
Q

The product produced in the last step of cellular respiration

A

molecular oxygen

85
Q

How much ATP molecules can be created with the energy NADH provides

A

2.5 ATP moleules

86
Q

what is the process called that introduces a phosphate group into a molecule or compound

A

phosphorylation

87
Q

____ NADH molecules are formed in the krebs cycle, hence _____ ATP molecules are produced

A

6 NADH and 15 ATP

87
Q

Each FADH2 coenzymes is capable of synthesizing ___ ATP molecules

A

1.5

88
Q

a series of proteins and
organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria.

A

Electron transport chain

89
Q

the high energy bonds that goes to the electron transport chain

A

NADH and FADH2

90
Q

pertains to the enzymes used

A

reductase

91
Q

these captures every energy that’s released every time bonds are broken in the krebs cycle

A

electron carriers

92
Q

As they pass through the electron transport
mechanism, the ______ is released

A

hydrogen ion

93
Q

released by NADH and FADH2 and are used as energy source

A

hydride ions

94
Q

T or F
NADH and FADH2 turned back to NAD+ and FAD cannot be reused

A

f (can be reused)

95
Q

how many moles of water will be formed in electron transport chain

A

2

96
Q

T or F
as electron are passed down the chain, they move from a lower to a higher energy level, thus releasing eergy

A

F (higher to lower energy level)

97
Q

T or F
Intermembrane space has higher energy than the matrix

A

T

98
Q

where will H+ ions pass through on their way back to the matrix

A

ATP synthase

99
Q

what creates ATP

A

ATP synthase

100
Q

how many H+ ions are needed to catalyze ATP synthesis

A

3

101
Q

what digests triglycerides

A

lipase

102
Q

what is formed after TAG digestion

A

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

103
Q

what does fatty acids undergo to form acyl units

A

beta oxidation

104
Q

what is chopped off from fatty acids to form acyl units

A

2-carbon acyl

105
Q

acyl units will become ______ to be used in the citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl CoA

106
Q

where does beta oxidation occur

A

mitochondria

107
Q

proteolytic enzyme that acts upon protein

A

pepsin

108
Q

enzyme present in our stomach thatcomes from pepsinogen

A

pepsin

109
Q

process that forms new glucose from non-glucose sources

A

gluconeogenesis

110
Q

amino acids and _____ go through gluconeogenesis

A

glycerol

111
Q

Gluconeogenesis will form_________
and these will be absorbed in the liver and will be
converted into glucose.

A

Glucose 6-phosphate

112
Q

means breakdown of lipids into fatty
acids.

A

lipolysis

113
Q

synthesis of lipids and fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

114
Q

This diet is composed of very low carbohydrates
and very high fat diet.

A

ketogenic diet

115
Q

the product of beta oxidation during ketogenic diet

A

ketones

116
Q

end products of ketone bodies during ketogenic diet

A

β-hydroxybutyrate,
acetoacetate,
acetone

117
Q

a metabolic state that occurs when your
body burns fat for energy instead of
glucose

A

ketosis

118
Q

congrats you reached the end of the cards !!

A

I’m so proud of you! please rest for at least 5 mins and drink plenty of water love you <33

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