(F) Nutrition, Vitamins, & Minerals (Part 2) Flashcards by Nathalie Grace Castillo

Vitamin A

Where it is primarily stored?

Liver and other organs (Fat, bone marrow, lungs, kidney and eyes)

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Vitamins A

What protein carrier can be found

Retinal Binding Protein (Made in liver)

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Vitamin A

T or F

It can be found in orange fruits and veggies, dark green leafy veggies, fish and polar bear liver

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Vitamin A

Deficiency can lead to?

Night Blindness and Impaired wound Healing

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Vitamin A

Excess intake can lead to? what symptoms it presents?

Muscles and bone pain
Hair loss
Skin and vision disorder

just consume vit a to battle

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Vitamin A

T or F

Proper intake of Vit A is crucial for overall health?

True

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Vitamin A

T or F

Provider does not need to educate patients for taking Vitamins

False (It needs can use visual aids or stories)

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Vitamin A

T or F

Consulting with a healthcare provider to determine appropriate amount to intake is wrong?

F (not wrong, this is to adress also potential deficienct or excess concerns

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Vitamin A

Why bed ridden patients are prone to Vitamin A deficiency?

Because of pressure (can lead to pressure injuries)

to adress vit a supplementation

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This vitamin is essential for bone health and neuromascular Function

Vitamin D

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Vitamin D

What forms of Vit d are there

D2 and D3

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Vitamin D

Where is D2 from?

Essential diet

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Vitamin D

Where is D3 from?

Sunlight

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Vitamin D

T or F

It is to maintain the calcium and phosphorous levels in the body?

T (for bone health)

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Vitamin D

T or F

It does not help in bone development

F (helps and promotes; intestinal absoprtion of calcium from what we EAT!!)

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Vitamin D

T or F

It is a fat soluble vitamin, and absorbed with fat and non bile salts in the intestine?

F (bile salts)

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Vitamin D

After digestion and absorption, where it is packed?

Chylomicrons (before reaching the bloodtream and lymph system)

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Vitamin D

T or F

Studies does not suggest that it will no help with musculoskeletal disorders, multiple sclerosis, immune system strength, diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease

F (it suggest)

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Vitamin D

What is the active form?

D-25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitrol base on internet)

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Vitamin D

What needs to be checked in a test to know the levels of vitamin d?

25-hydroxy Vitamin D levels

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Vitamin D

T or F

Good food sources are fatty dish, fortified milk and egg yolk?

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Vitamin D

T or F

Excussive sunscreen use or lack of sun exposure can lead to deficiency?

T (important to find the right Balance)

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More on nervous system and powerful anti-oxidant

Fat Soluble Vitamin

Vitamin E

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A vitamin that is FAT SOLUBLE with ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES, that protectes our cells

Vitamin E

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# Vitamin E What are the 2 main forms?

1. Alpha-tocopherol (during stress) 2. Gamma-tocopherol (anti-inflammatory, can prevent tumor growth)

# Vitamin E What is the most common and active form?

Alpha-tocopherol

# Vitamin E where is it absrobed?

In the Jejunum (small intestine -- which is the major site of nutrient absroption)

# Vitamin E Where it is stored?

Liver, muscles, and Fat

# Vitamin E Food sources

Vegetable oils, whole grains, and nuts

# Vitamin E Overconsumption can lead to what adverse effects?

* increase bleeding * blood thinning * hemmorage * Death (me me me)

# Vitamin E Deficiency can occure to certain condition? and what are the symptoms?

GI conditions * Weakness * Decrease RBC * Anemia -> RBC are destroyed

# Vitamin E kaldag naman jan lods

KALDAG NGA EH

This vitamin plays a crucial role in blood clotting, bone health and Calcum balance

Vitamin K (kay lang)

# Vitamin K T or F it is usually synthesize by bacteria in LOWER GI TRACT

T (normal flaura bacteria is important)

# Vitamin K T or F Infants is not prone to lack of Vit K

F (they are kasi malinis pa ang guts di na sysynthesize)

# Vitamin K Low vit k can lead to

Bleeding Disorder <3

# Vitamin K T or F Does not need fat for proper absroption

F (need kasi fat absroption tanga)

# Vitamin K T or F is usually efficiently absorbed in a fucked up gi tract

F (healthy dapat, wag fucked)

# Vitamin K Deficienct can occur due to?

Long-term parenteral nutrition without lipids, fat malabsorption issues, antibiotics or anticoagulant use and Inflammed bowel diseases (ulcer

# Vitamin K Dietary sources:

* Broccoli * Spinach * Kale

# Vitamin K Important in?

* Maintaining healthy bones * Reducing risk of fracture (in postmenopausal women)

water?

soluble wala lang

A coenzyme that plays a crucial role in Carbohydrate metabolism and energy production | Water Soluble

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

# Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Where it is absrobed?

Primarily in Jejunum (small intestine)

# Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Absrobe through and transported by?

* Passive diffusion * Albumin (to various tissue *liver and muscles*)

# Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency can lead to

* Beri beri (Dry and wet forms) * Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) * Rapid Heartbeat * Reduced urine output * Water retention

# Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency can be caused by?

* Alcohol abuse * Vomiting * GI surgery * and other factors that affect absorption

# Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) What is the primary treatment for deficiency?

Supplementation

# Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Excess of thiamine will?

Excreted in the body (kasi water soluble siya)

# Water Soluble Vitamin Vitamin that is involved in Carbohydrate metabolism, and is absorbed in the presence of bile saltes and food in the intestinal tract

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

# Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) why this vitamin abrosption is unique?

Having food in stomach slows down the absorption process and gibe riboflacing more time to absorb

# Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) The deficiency occurs the same with what vitamins?

Other Vitamin B

# Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) What is the specific symptoms of deficiency?

* Cheilosis (cracks at the corner of mouth) * Stomatitis (inflammation of mouth) * Magenta-colored tongue

# Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) What is the reason it is degraded?

Presence of light

# Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Food soures:

* Dairy Products * Animal Proteins

# Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Factors affecting the risk of riboflavin deficiency

Thyroid issues and Alcholism

This vitamin plays a crucial role in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism | Water Soluble Vitamin

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

# Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Food sources:

* Bread * Cereals * Meat * Fish * Poultry

# Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Can be synthesized from?

Tryptophan (essential amino acid)

# Vitamin B3 (Niacin) What is the deficienct of niacin?

Pellagra

# Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Pellagra is characterizd by?

* Dermatitis * Diarrhea * Dementia **3DS**

# Vitamin B3 (Niacin) How is nianin excreted?

Urine

# Vitamin B3 (Niacin) HIgh intake can cause

* Flushin * Vasodilation * GI Irritation * Glucose Intolerance

This vitamin is essential for Energy metabolism and production of hormones, neurotransmitters, and hemoglonin

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

# Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) T or F Deficienct for this are rar?

# Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) T or F Adequate amounts can be obtained from a well balanced diet?

# Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Why this vitamin is pretty much forgotten

There is not much info out there

# Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) T or F Involved in metabolism of macronutrient to produce energy

T (Does not provide directly but plays a crucial role in the process)

# Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) What are the symptoms of deficiency?

* Vomiting * Intestinal discomfort * Insomnia * Fatigue More on lack of energy yung nag shoshow

# Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) T or F the deficienct ALWAYS occur alongside other deficiency?

F (usually, does not act on its own)

# Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Factors that cause Vit b5 deficiency

* Alcoholism * GI Conditions

Crucial for enzymatic reactions involving protein and lipid metabolism

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

# Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Good food sources:

* Organ meats * Whole grains * Fortified Cereals

# Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) T or F Deficiency is more common in people with alcoholism, seniors, and those taking medication like antibiotics and steroids

T (the medication interfere with absroption)

# Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Symptoms of deficiencty include:

* Glossitis (Swellin of tongue) * Chemosis (Swellin of conjunctiva and eyes) * microcytic anemia * Confusion * Depression

# Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) T or F Toxicity from food alone is likely

F (unlikely but can happen)

# Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Excessive intake from supplements can cause:

* Spinal Cord Issues * Nerve Damage * Headached * Depression

A coenzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis, and deficiences are rare due to its presence in many food and production by intestinal bacteria

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

Important for DNA and RNA synthesis and preventing neural tube defects in pregnancy

Vitamin B9 (Folate)

# Vitamin B7 (Biotin) T or F Toxicity is unknown, so no concerns about toxicity

T bading

# Vitamin B9 (Folate) Where is folate absrobed?

In small intestine (brush border)

# Vitamin B9 (Folate) Foods

* Enriched cerals * Grains * Dark leafy Vegetables

# Vitamin B9 (Folate) Deficienct can cause?

Megoblastic anemia (most common)

# Vitamin B9 (Folate) Megaloblastic anemia can be exacerbated by?

* Certain medication * Zinc Deficienct * Alcholism

# Vitamin B9 (Folate) T or F Excessive foalte intake can mask vitamin b12 deficiency?

T (can also cause symptoms like depression, confusion, headacehs and seizures)

Plays a crucial role in cell replication and nerve functioning

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

# Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) T or F Vegans are not in risk of deficincy?

F (they are, this vit is only found in animal products)

# Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) What surgery can affect vitamin b123 absorption?

Gastric bypass surgery why? because it changes stomach acid and intrinsic factor productions

# Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) T or F it mimics the deficienct of vitamin a?

F (folate which is B9)

# Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) May present symptomps like?

* Megaloblastic anemia * Confusion * Depression * Beefy Tongue

# Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) T or F It does not need proper testing and screening for this vitamin?

F (needs, specifically for this vitamin)

# Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) T or F Oral supplements of Vitamin b12 are available?

T (but some may require through injections, with those who have pernicious anemia or absroption issues)

Essential for Collagen formation, neurotransmitter synthesis and aidin iron absorption

Vitamin C

# Vitamin C T or F Deficiency is very common

F (it is not; very rare)

# Vitamin C Pairing iron rich foods with vitamin c would?

Enhance iron absorption!

# Vitamin C Why is it crucial?

For wound healing (inefficient colalgen formation) and to treat scurvy

# Vitamin C Where is it absrobed?

Ileum (with uniques absorption mechanism)

# Vitamin C T or F It is excreted in urine, but donot worry cause high doses is safe fo those with kidney stone or kidney failures

F (do worry dumb ass)

T or F body can produce minerals?

F (it is essential from out diet)

# Minerals T or F It is obtained from food, soil, and water and serve important function?

# Minerals T or F organic element

F (inorganic)

# Minerals T or F Can be broken down and used as an energy source

F (cannot be)

# Minerals T or F Plants and animals are sourves of dietary minerals?

T (it varies geographically and thus affect the composition of foods and water)

# Minerals What are the two classification?

* Major Minerals * Trace Minerals

# Trace Elements Originally it is describes as

Residual Inorganic Analytes in samples

# Trace Elements T or F Sensitive methods now accurately measure most inorganic micronutrients in body fluids and tissues?

T (it is quantitatively measure)

# Trace Elements Measurement for fluids and tissues

Fluids - μg/L Tissues - mg/kg

# Trace Elements Ultratrace elements

ng/L (read it as not gonna lie NGL) n = nano μg/kg (micro)

# Trace Elements Dietary requirements are quoted in?

mg/μg

# Trace Element As a Physician element deficiency is prevalent to you patient, what would you do?

Replacement or Supplementation of particular element deficiency ## Footnote patayin nalang pag ayaw talaga

Present in most cells of the body, plasma and extracellular fluid

Iron

# Iron How many percent are loss daily?

0.1 (Mostly is desquamated cells or through menstrual (women))

# Iron Hemoglobin in red blood cells contains about____ of iron in a 70kg man

# Iron T or F Majority of iron goes to hemoglobin

# Iron Protein that carry oxygen

Hemoglobin

# Iron Stored as?

ferritin (Liver Cell) and hemosiderin, (mostly in hepatocytes and macrophages)

# Iron T or F Iron transport is mediated by transferrin, a cycle that involves the transferrin receptor, endosome acidification, and the divalent metal transporter

essential trace element required for many biological processes.

Copper

# Copper T or F It plays a role in red blood cell formation, connective tissue production, and energy metabolism.

# Copper Found in what foods?

* Liver * Shellfish * Nuts * Seed * Whole grains * Organ meat * Cocoa containing Product

# Copper T or F Copper deficiency is common in humans, but can cause anemia, bone abnormalities, and other health problems.

F (rare)

# Copper Toxicity can occur from?

xcessive intake or genetic disorders (leading to liver and neurological issues)

# Copper Where is it absorbed?

Absorbed in small intestines and transported to liver and transported to copper enzyme

essential trace element required for numerous physiological processes in the body.

Zinc

plays a crucial role in immune function, DNA synthesis, wound healing, and taste perception.

Zinc

# Zinc Deficiency can lead to?

* Impaired Growh * Impaired development * Immune dysfuntion * Other health issues (Slow growth development, mental retardation, weak immune system, Poor wound healing, and hair loss) Wag na imemorize putangina

# Zinc Good dietary sources

* Meat * Fish * Legumes * Nuts * Seeds * Protein bound zinc food *

# Zinc T or F 20% to 50% zinc from food are absorbed

T (There is competition in absorption thats why ganyan lang yung naabosrb na range)

# Zince What regulates the absorption of zinc?

* Fiber * Calcium * Iron

# Zinc T or F Zinc supplements may be necessary for individuals at risk of deficiency, such as pregnant women, vegetarians/vegans, and those with certain medical conditions.

T (Zinc toxicity is also rare)

trace element with industrial and biological importance

Cobalt

essential component of vitamin B12, which plays a role in red blood cell formation and nerve functio.

Cobalt

# Cobalt T or F Found naturally in rocks, soild, water, and some foods?

# Cobalt T or F Cobalt toxicity always certain in occupational settings, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular issues

F (not always certain but can occur)

# Cobalt T or F Is rare in humans

# Cobalt T or F Deficianct can cause anemia, nerve damage, and other health problems

Widely used in public health to prevent tooth decay, a preventable bacterial disease that can lead to tooth loss, nutritional problems, and systemic infections

Fluoride

# Fluoride T or F Adding fluoride to drinking water has been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of tooth decay by 80-100% in primary and permanent teeth

F (40-60%)

# Fluoride What dietary sources:

* Salt * Sugar * Milk *

# Fluoride T or F Dietary sources is incoporated to the crystal structure of teeth?

T (stabilizing the tooth surface and reducing tooth decay)

# Fluoride Excessive intake ca lead to?

Dental Fluorosis

# Fluoride T or F Excessive fluoride intake can lead to dental fluorosis, affecting around 20% of the population, but safety measures have been implemented to limit exposure in areas with controlled fluoridation of water supplies

# Fluoride Ingestion of fluoride by a children can cause?

Dental Fluorosis (thats why it should be lowered in a toothpaste for kids)

# Fluoride T or F Laboratory analysis of drinking water and urine fluoride determination are used to assess fluoride exposure, with reference intervals varying depending on fluoride content in drinking water, diet, toothpaste, and mouth rinses

# Fluoride Fluoride is seen in what most common product?

Toothpaste, pag dimo alam mag toothbrush kanaman sis ku IT SHOULD BE IN AN ADEQUATE AMOUNT

essential trace element in biological systems, important for various functions including tissue formation and metabolism

MANGAnese

# Manganese Found in food such as:

* Whole grain foods * Nuts * Leafy Vegetables * Soy products * Teas

# Manganese Where iis it absorbed?

Small intestine and then transported in the blood

# Manganese T or F Manganese acts as a cofactor for important enzymes, but dietary requirements are not well established.

# Manganese What are the adequate intake levels for male and female?

Male - 2.3 mg per day Female - 1.8 mg per day

# Manganese T or F deficiency is rare but can result in impaired growth, skeletal abnormalities, glucose intolerance, and skin lesions. Excessive intake can be toxic, especially in infants.

T ## Footnote sensha pagod na daming cards punyeta

Essential for enzymes in our bodies, plays a role in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles, and is similar to tungsten and vanadium.

Molybdenum

# Molybdenum What are the good dietary sources:

* Legumes * Grains * Nuts

# Molybdenum What are the average intake?

76 to 109 μg/day

# Molybdenum What can inhibit the absorption?

Sulfate (papansin) but most is most is bound to transport protein in our blood

# Molybdenum T or F Molybdenum deficiency is common in healthy individuals, but can result in health issues in rare inherited diseases. Excessive intake can induce copper deficiency in animals, used in Wilson's disease management.

F (rare)

Essential element for humans, closely associated with vitamin E

Selenium

# Selenium T or F Has various chemical forms and bioinorganic chemistry related to selenium

F (Sulfur)

# Selenium T or F selenium has its own regulating system?

F (intestine regulates it)

# Selenium Where does it incoporate itself?

into proteins such as glutathione peroxidase, with multiple isoforms

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aba ginoong selecta, macapuno ka ng matcha ang rocky road ay sumasa-oreo bukod kang pinag-vanilla sa babaeng yogurt at pinag-banana naman ang iyong anak na si butterscotch. tugon: sarap