(P) Management of Genetic Information Part 1 (module-based)

Question 1

it elucidates the intricate journey of genetic information, from its storage in DNA to its transformation into functional proteins via RNA intermediaries.

Answer 1

central dogma of molecular biology

Question 2

The central dogma postulates that DNA holds the blueprint necessary for crafting the diverse array of____ vital to our biological processes

Answer 2

proteins

Question 3

This genetic information is then conveyed by___, acting as a molecular courier, to the ribosomes where protein synthesis unfolds.

Answer 3

RNA

Question 4

The conversion of DNA instructions into tangible functional products is encapsulated within the term ____.

Answer 4

“gene expression.”

Question 5

This intricate process underpins the orchestration of cellular activities.

Answer 5

gene expression

Question 6

Gene expression transpires through two pivotal stages

Answer 6

transcription and translation

Question 7

a pivotal phenomenon within the realm of retroviruses, illuminates the pathway through which RNA’s genetic code is ingeniously woven into the fabric of new DNA, shaping the course of viral replication and persistence.

Answer 7

reverse transcription

Question 8

It begins at a single origin, is bi-directional and semi-conservative.

Answer 8

DNA replication

Question 9

T or F. DNA synthesis takes place in a direction of 3’→5’ on each parent strand.

Answer 9

F (5’ to 3’)

Question 10

On the strand with 3’→5’ orientation, the DNA is synthesized continuously, forming a?

Answer 10

leading strand

Question 11

The strand with 5’→3’ orientation, however, is forming a discontinuous strand called the

Answer 11

lagging strand

Question 12

The discontinuous strand is named after its discoverer called

Answer 12

Okazaki fragment

Question 13

Replication of DNA requires an RNA primer that is synthesized by

Answer 13

primase

Question 14

degrades the primer and swaps it with DNA nucleotides

Answer 14

DNA polymerase I

Question 15

The enzyme in charge for the synthesis of new DNA strands.

Answer 15

DNA polymerase

Question 16

joins DNA ends

Answer 16

ligase

Question 17

unravels the DNA double helix

Answer 17

DNA helicase

Question 18

stabilizes the single-stranded regions during replication; attaches to the single strands

Answer 18

single-stranded DNA-binding (SSB) protein

Question 19

It is needed to allow the helix to unwind which prevents extensive rotation of the chromosome

Answer 19

DNA topoisomerase I

Question 20

separates the two daughter DNA circles following replication

Answer 20

DNA topoisomerase II

Question 21

This polymerase is/re involved in synthesis, proof reading and repair in prokaryotes

Answer 21

Pol I

Question 21

This polymerase is/are for repair under unique conditions in prokaryotes

Answer 21

Pol II, IV and V

Question 22

This polymerase is/are primarily responsible for new synthesis in prokaryotes

Answer 22

Pol III

Question 23

T or F. The direction of DNA strand synthesis is dependent on the activity of DNA polymerase.

Answer 23

T

Question 24

DNA Pol I removes the RNA primers and replaces them with?

Answer 24

DNA nucleotides

Question 25

crucial phase in bacterial gene expression

Answer 25

transcription initiation

Question 26

The initiation begins with the binding of RNA polymerase to a specific region called the___, which is usually around 40–60 base pairs in length.

Answer 26

promoter

Question 26

contain conserved elements that play a pivotal role in initiating transcription.

Answer 26

Promoter

Question 27

In prokaryotes, two key promoter elements are recognized:

Answer 27

the –10 sequence (Pribnow box) , and the –35 sequence.

Question 28

what is the consensus sequence of the pribnow box?

Answer 28

TATAAT

Question 29

consensus sequences of -35

Answer 29

TTGACA

Question 30

a critical component in transcription initiation

Answer 30

sigma (σ) factor

Question 31

It assists in guiding the RNA polymerase to the promoter region, ensuring accurate initiation of transcription.

Answer 31

Sigma Factor

Question 32

Unlike DNA replication, transcription initiation does not require a__. RNA polymerase directly begins synthesizing RNA using the DNA template strand.

Answer 32

primer

Question 33

“After initiation phase, the σ subunit dissociates from RNA polymerase while the enzyme resumes RNA synthesis in a 5’→3’ direction using the four ribonucleoside 5-triphosphates as precursors. Primer is not required in this process. Specific region of the DNA double helix is unwound for transcription, forming a transcription bubble, and is then rewound following the transcription.”

Answer 33

Elongation

Question 34

What shape is a common terminal signal formed by palindromic GC-rich region, followed by an AT-rich sequence?

Answer 34

hairpin shape RNA transcript

Question 35

What type of RNA polymerase is present in prokaryote:

transcribes large ribosomal RNA genes

Answer 35

RNA pol I

Question 36

What type of RNA polymerase is present in prokaryote:

transcribes protein encoding gene

Answer 36

RNA pol II

Question 37

What type of RNA polymerase is present in prokaryote:

transcribes small RNAs (including tRNA and 5SRNA)

Answer 37

RNA III

Question 38

T or F. Post-Transcriptional Modification takes place only in Eukaryotes.

Answer 38

T

Question 39

T or F. Capping helps to stabilize the mRNA structure; increases resistance to cellular nucleases.

Answer 39

F (Addition of poly A at the 3’ end (20-250 long) )

Question 40

removal of non-coding sequences (introns)

Answer 40

splicing

Question 41

T or F. Capping is when there’s a 7-methyl guanosine triphosphate attachment at the 5’ end to protect the cleavage of the RNA by exonucleases as RNA moves out of the nucleus.

Answer 41

T

Question 42

T or F. For translation to begin, the RNA pol must locate the promoter region first.

Answer 42

F (transcription)

Question 43

T or F. A primer for RNA, however, is not required. But a DNA template id required.

Answer 43

T

Question 44

T or F. As in the case of DNA replication, RNA strand also grows from 5’ → 3’ direction.”

Answer 44

T