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biochem > (M) Lipids part 2 (ppt and lec based) > Flashcards

(M) Lipids part 2 (ppt and lec based) Flashcards

1
Q

composition of phospholipid

A

1 or more fatty acid
phosphate group
platform molecule

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2
Q

where are the phosphate group and FA attached?

A

platform molecule

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3
Q

an ______ is attached to the phosphate group

A

alcohol

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4
Q

type of phospholipid that contains two fatty acids and phosphate group esterified to a glycerol, and an alcohol esterified to a phosphate group

A

glycerophospholipid

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5
Q

what is the structural backbone of glycerophospholipid

A

phosphatidic acid

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6
Q

this is a phosphoacylglycerol that contains choline

A

phosphatidylcholine

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7
Q

most abundant phospholipids of the cell membrane and represents a large proportion of the body’s store of choline

A

phosphatidylcholine

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8
Q

this is important in nervous transmission, as acetylcholine and as a store of labile methyl group

A

choline

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9
Q

found pin nervous tissue such as white matter of the brain, nerves, neural tissue, and in spinal chord

A

cephalin

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10
Q

principal phospholipid in bacteria

A

cephalin

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11
Q

found in large quantities in brain and nerve tissue

A

sphingophospholipid

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12
Q

what makes up a sphingophospholipid

A

one fatty acid + one phosphate group attached to sphingosine molecule

also theres an alcohol attached to the phosphate group

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13
Q

combination of sphingosine and fatty acid, found in glycosphingolipids

A

ceramide

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14
Q

lipid containing both FA + carbohydrate component, attached to a sphingosine molecule

A

glycolipid

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15
Q

simplest sphingoglycolipids

A

cerebrosides

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16
Q

components of cerebrosides

A

sphingosine + FA + galactose/glucose

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17
Q

complex spingoglycolipids

A

gangliosides

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18
Q

widely distributed in every tissue of the body, particularly in nervous tissue like the brain as well as the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane

A

glycolipid

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19
Q

major lipid of myelin

A

galactosylcerebroside

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20
Q

major glycosphingolipid of extra neural tissues also present in small amounts in the brain

A

glucosylcerebroside

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21
Q

present in high amounts in myelin, and in early ages of Alzheimer’s

A

Sulfatide (sulfogalactosylceramides)

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22
Q

cerebroside + 2 or more sugars, n-acetylgalactosamine as its side chain and has an oligosaccharide attached to the c1-hydroxyl group

A

globoside

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23
Q

complex glycosphingolipids derived from glucosylceramide that contains an addition of one or more molecules of sialic acid

A

gangliosides

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24
Q

major sterol in the body, is hydrophobic by has an -OH group

A

cholesterol

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25
Q

T or F

cholesterol has no platform molecule

A

T

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26
Q

T or F

cholesterol’s structure is based on a fused-ring system, involving three-5-membered rings and one 6-membered ring

A

F (three-six-membered rings, and one-5-membered ring)

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27
Q

T or F

75% of cholesterol is from dietary intake

A

F (25%)

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28
Q

T or F

Mammals obtain cholesterol from food or synthesizes it in the liver

A

T

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29
Q

T or F

Cholesterol is bound to proteins, is transported to tissues via blood vessels with the help of high-density lipoproteins

A

F (LDL ang transporters)

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30
Q

T or F

Sterols acts as a stabilizer by modifying membrane fluidity

A

T

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31
Q

T or F

Sterols increases membrane fluidity at low temp and decreases at high temp

A

T

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32
Q

Why does sterol increase membrane fluidity at low temp?

A

to prevent membrane lipids from clustering

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33
Q

the good cholesterol

A

HDL (high density lipoproteins)

*think: if your grades are high, then it is good :>

34
Q

a lipid-based structure separating cell’s aqueous based interior from aqueous environment surrounding the cell

A

cell membrane

35
Q

what are cell membranes made out of?

A

phosphoglycerides
glycolipids
cholesterol

36
Q

T or F

Double bonds increase cell membrane permeability

A

T

37
Q

2 proteins found in the lipid bilayer

A

integral and peripheral

38
Q

Protein that is non penetrating, only on the surface of the cell membrane

A

peripheral

39
Q

T or F

Integral protein penetrates through the entire cell membrane

A

it penetrates more than or equal to half of the cell membrane

40
Q

transport across cell membranes where substance is driven by a concentration gradient

A

passive transport

41
Q

movement of small molecules through phospholipid bilayer

A

simple diffusion

41
Q

transport process where a substance moves across a cell membrane with the aid of membrane proteins

A

Facilitated diffusion

42
Q

why is facilitated diffusion is still under passive transport?

A

because it didn’t use energy (ATP), only the aid of membrane proteins

43
Q

the spontaneous passage or diffusion of water or other solvents through a semipermeable membrane (Brittanica, walang definition si mam); Movement of solute or water molecules from lower to higher concentration

A

osmosis

44
Q

Transport across cell membranes where substances move against a concentration gradient

A

active transport

45
Q

why does active transport use ATP ?

A

for pumps to open and close

46
Q

transport of substances that needs vesicles

A

vesicular transport

47
Q

vesicular transport:
“cellular eating”

A

phagocytosis

48
Q

vesicular transport:
“cell drinking”

A

pinocytosis

49
Q

vesicular transport:
cytoplasm fold in wards and form coated pits

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

50
Q

the secretion of large molecules within vesicles

A

exocytosis

51
Q

T or F

vesicles fuses with plasma membrane in exocytosis

A

T

52
Q

For what type of substances are exocytosis usually for?

A

toxic (like u :P)

53
Q

a cholesterol derivative that facilitates absorption of dietary lipids

A

bile acids

54
Q

what do you add to a bile acid’s carbon 17 to make it a complex acid or to increase its polarity (water solubility)

A

amino acid

55
Q

where is bile stored?

A

gallbladder

56
Q

this is crystallized cholesterol

A

gallstone

57
Q

messenger lipid that is an intracellular signal, regulating gene expression in target cells

A

steroid hormones

58
Q

2 major classes of steroid hormones

A

sex hormones
adrenocorticoid hormones

59
Q

3 major subclasses of sex hormones

A

PEA

progestins
estrogens
androgens

60
Q

female sex hormones produced by ovaries and adrenal cortex, for secondary female characteristics

A

estrogens

61
Q

male sex hormones produced by testes and adrenal cortex

A

androgens

62
Q

pregnancy hormone, from the ovaries and placenta

A

progestins

63
Q

steroids that enhances endurance, muscle strength, and are illegal in sport competitions

A

anabolic steroids

64
Q

hormones produced by adrenal glands

A

adrenocorticoid hormones

65
Q

2 subclasses of adrenocorticoid hormones

A

mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

66
Q

regulates blood pressure by controlling sodium and potassium balance

A

mineralocorticoids

67
Q

adrenocorticoid that helps with glucose metabolism and counteracts inflammation

A

glucocorticoids

68
Q

anti-inflammatory drugs that are synthetic steroids

A

cortisone and prednisolone

69
Q

these are derived from arachidonic acid

A

eicosanoids

70
Q

how many carbon atoms are in eicosanoids

A

20

71
Q

raises body temperature and mucous secretion in the stomach

A

prostaglandins

72
Q

relaxes and contracts muscles, balances water, and enhances inflammatory response

A

prostaglandins

73
Q

T or F
cortisol and prednisolone can counteract prostaglandins

A

F (cortiSONE and prednisolone)

74
Q

eicosanoid derivative containing a cyclic ether ring and an oxygen functional group

A

thromboxanes

75
Q

eicosanoid that promotes clot formation

A

thromboxanes

76
Q

eicosanoid that contains 3 conjugated double bods

A

leukotrienes

77
Q

where can leukotrienes be found?

associated with inflammation and hypersensitivity responses

A

WBC

78
Q

these are esters from a long chain alcohol (fatty alcohol) and a long chain carboxylic acid (fatty acid)

A

biological waxes

79
Q

T or F

biological waxes are non polar and offers a protective coating

A

T

80
Q

how many chains does biological waxes contain on both sides of the carboxylic group

A

more than 20

biochem (31 decks)

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