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biochem > (P) Management of Genetic Information Part 2 (lec/ppt based) > Flashcards

(P) Management of Genetic Information Part 2 (lec/ppt based) Flashcards

1
Q

Most important enzyme in transcription

A

RNA poly II

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2
Q

1st enzyme in translation

A

Aminoacyl transferase

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3
Q

Where does translation occur

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

This is the second stage in gene expression

A

translation

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5
Q

mRNA is translated into ____

A

amino acid sequence of a protein

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6
Q

Requirements for translation

A

ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA and protein factors

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7
Q

Stage of protein synthesis that is repeated many times until an end codon is reached

A

chain elongation

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8
Q

This is the relationship between the sequence of nucleotides in DNA / RNA transcripts and the sequence of amino acids in protein

A

Genetic code

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9
Q

what do codons specify

A

amino acid

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10
Q

other term for codons

A

nucleotide triplets

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11
Q

How many RNA bases in genetic code

A

4 RNA Bases

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12
Q

how many bases in a codon

A

three

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13
Q

which direction are codons written in

A

5’ to 3’

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14
Q

how many codons in total

A

64

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15
Q

how many codons code for amino acids

A

61

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16
Q

enumerate the three stop codons

A

UAG, UGA, and UAA

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17
Q

what is the start codon

A

AUG

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18
Q

Start codon for Eukaryotes

A

methionine

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19
Q

start codon for prokaryotes

A

formylmethionine

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20
Q

feature of genetic code wherein each codon specifies no more than one amino acid

A

unambiguous

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21
Q

if you see this card, send nath 1 cat meme

A

thanks mwah

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22
Q

feature of genetic code stating that more than one codon can specify a single amino acid

A

Degenerate

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23
Q

T or F

For amino acids that have more than one codon, the first two bases are the same and only varies on the third base

A

T

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24
Q

T or F

There are spaces between codons on mRNA which is glued together by ligase

A

F (there are no spaces or commas)

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25
Q

T or F

bases can be shared between codons

A

F (nonoverlapping, thus no bases are shared)

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26
Q

T or F

Genetic code is the same in all organisms, making it universal

A

T

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27
Q

If you see this card, review how to use the codon chart

A

go vebs

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28
Q

what enzyme activates the aminoacyl-AMP

A

aminoacyl tRNA synthase

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29
Q

what is the product of the reaction between ATP and amino acid

A

amino-acyl-AMP and 2phosphates

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30
Q

ester formed with 2’ OH of tRNA forming aminoacyl-TRNA and AMP

A

Class I

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31
Q

ester formed with 3’ OH of tRNA forming aminoacyl-TRNA and AMP

A

Class II

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32
Q

Where is the shine-dalgarno sequence found

A

before the initiation codon

33
Q

where does the tRNA will bind during initiation

A

start codon AUG

34
Q

Two ribosomal subunits:

A

large and small subunits

35
Q

this is the first step in protein syntesis

A

initiation

36
Q

binding site of peptide bonds

A

Peptidyl side

37
Q

amino acyl binding site

A

aminoacyl side

38
Q

this makes up the complete initiation complex / the ribosome

A

small and large ribosomal subunits

39
Q

T or F

The ribosome moves in a 3’ to 5’ direction during elongation until it reaches a stop codon

A

F (5’ to 3’)

40
Q

Which site is the stop codon found in tRNA during transcription

A

A site

41
Q

what separates the mRNA released

A

ribosomal subunits

42
Q

refers to the ability of the polymerase to avoid or correct errors in a newly synthesized DNA strand

A

DNA polymerase fidelity

43
Q

the removal of incorrect nucleotide immediately after they are added to the growing DNA during replication

A

proofreading

44
Q

DNA polymerases with proofreading capabilities

A

I, II, IV & V

45
Q

T or F

errors in DNA chain are only every once in every 10^6 to 10^10 base pairs

A

F ^4 to ^5

46
Q

spontaneous mutations only occur every __ to ___ bp

A

10^9 to 10^10

47
Q

this is any permanent, heritable change in DNA base sequence of an organism

A

mutations

48
Q

type of mutation that occurs naturally during normal genetic and metabolic functions of the cell

A

spontaneous mutation

49
Q

spontaneous mutation caused by misreading of base pairs

A

replication error

50
Q

this type of mutation is induced by various physical & chemical mutagens

A

induced mutation

51
Q

A mutagen that breaks hydrogen bonds between adjacent bases

A

UV light

52
Q

T or F

ionizing radiation is a physical mutagen

A

T

53
Q

type of action done by ionizing radiation which causes for the sugar phosphate backbone to break

A

direct action

54
Q

How does the indirect action of ionizing radiation cause DNA damage

A

free radicals breaks the strands and inserts themselves into the DNA sequence

55
Q

T or F

intercalating agents are chemical mutagens

A

T

56
Q

T or F

intercalating agents insert themselves in base pairs causing a kink in the DNA strand

A

T

57
Q

T or F

intercalating agents does not inhibit the RNA poly

A

F (inhibits)

58
Q

This is a homologue of thymine which mimics it and bonds with adenine, therefore causing kinks in the DNA

A

Base analog - 5 bromuracil

59
Q

this mutation replaces a purine-pyrimidine base with a different purine-pyrimidine base pair

A

Transition

60
Q

this mutation replaces a purine-pyrimidine base with a different pyrimidine-purine base pair

A

transversion

61
Q

variety of mutation that has no observable effect

A

silent mutations

62
Q

How does silent mutations occur

A

the new codon specifies the same amino acid

63
Q

point mutation where substitution of a base pair results in a diff amino acid in the resulting protein

A

Missense Mutation

64
Q

What is the possible effect on protein secondary to missense mutation

A

decrease in function

65
Q

type of point mutation where the substitution of a base causes a premature stop codon

A

nonsense mutation

66
Q

T or F

nonsense mutation results on protein that are still functional, albeit shorter than normal

A

F (it is short and non functional )

like ur ex’s d-

67
Q

point mutation where nucleotides of a DNA sequence are altered in a way that changes one or more codons

A

frameshift mutation

68
Q

how does a frameshift mutation happen

A

addition or deletion of bases

69
Q

T or F

frameshift mutation usually produces nonfunctional and shorter proteins

A

T

70
Q

Repair mechanism that removes a portion of the newly synthesized dna that contains a pair of mismatched bases

A

mismatch repair

71
Q

Repair done for lesions caused by UV or chemical means

A

nucleotide excision repair

72
Q

common result of UV damage

A

thymine dimer

73
Q

enzyme that detects abnormal base pairing in Nucleotide Excision Repair

A

ABC exinuclease

74
Q

repair mechanism that is used to detect ad remove certain types of damaged bases

A

base excision repair

75
Q

detects damage and removes it in base excision repair

A

DNA glycosylase

76
Q

removes the sugar-phos backbone in base excision repair

A

apurinic /apyrimidinic endonuclease

77
Q

removes the adjacent bases after the apurinic /apyrimidinic endonuclease

A

excision exonuclease

78
Q
A

biochem (31 decks)

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