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biochem > (F) Digestion and Cellular Metabolism I (lecture-based) > Flashcards

(F) Digestion and Cellular Metabolism I (lecture-based) Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action occur?

A

Alimentary canal

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2
Q

aids the ingestion in
the mouth and digestion of food

A

Upper GIT

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3
Q

T or F. The lower GIT comprises the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

A

F (upper)

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4
Q

T or F. Small intestines accomplishes the absorption of water and electrolytes,
stores waste products of digestion, and
elimination with the anus

A

F (Large)

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5
Q

What part of the lower GIT accomplishes digestional
absorption of nutrients

A

small intestines

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6
Q

T or F. Other organs that aids in digestion includes the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

A

T

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7
Q

Which secretes digestive enzymes?

A

Pancreas

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8
Q

Which produces bile?

A

Liver

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9
Q

Which stores bile?

A

gallbladder

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10
Q

T or F. Salivary amylase is the primary enzyme in saliva.

A

T

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11
Q

a sugar composed of subunits of glucose

A

Maltose

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12
Q

During the process of salivary amylase, what carbohydrates are broken down into maltose and dextrins?

A

amylopectin and amylose

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13
Q

What breaks down triglycerides (lipids) into
glycerides and fatty acid components?

A

lingual lipase

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14
Q

T or F. Lingual lipase helps infants digest the SUGAR in their mother’s milk

A

F (fats)

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15
Q

This enzyme can operate at lower pH values, action continues into the stomach

A

lingual lipase

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16
Q

T or F. The relative proportion of lingual lipase in saliva decreases as we grow older, as other parts of our digestive system help with fat digestion.

A

T

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17
Q

T or F. After mechanical digestion, our LIPASE enzymes are going to act on this food and convert carbohydrates by the action of amylase into smaller molecules. Then, SALIVARY will also convert lipids into glycerides and fatty acids

A

F (opposite)

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18
Q

T or F. The gastrointestinal tract only includes the distal esophagus.

A

T

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19
Q

This area of the stomach is around the opening of the stomach from the esophagus

A

Cardia

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20
Q

This area of the stomach that is next to the cardia.

A

Fundus

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21
Q

This area of the stomach is also called as pylorus, opening that goes into the duodenum.

A

pyloric ampulla

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22
Q

first 10 cm and first part of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

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23
Q

joins with the common bile duct before entering the ampulla of Vater

A

pancreatic duct

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24
Q

widest, first part of the large intestine

A

cecum

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25
Q

All the digestive enzymes and bile that comes from the gallbladder go through these ducts to enter the duodenum and help in the digestion of food

A

common bile duct, pancreatic duct, ampulla of Vater

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26
Q

T or F. The Lipase is inactivated and no further carbohydrate digestion occurs in the stomach.

A

F (salivary amylase)

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27
Q

Majority of starch digestion and breakdown of disaccharides occur here

A

small intestine

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28
Q

what digestion is completed by the enzymes attached to the brush border of the small intestinal villi

A

digestion of carbohydrates

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29
Q

Fiber and other indigestible carbohydrates are partially broken down by bacteria to form?

A

short chain fatty acids and gas

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30
Q

T or F. The remaining fiber is stored in the liver.

A

F (excreted in the feces

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31
Q

The process of Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption

A

Mouth -> Stomach -> Small intestine -> Digestion of carbohydrates -> Large intestine

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32
Q

All the food in the stomach goes into the? Where majority of digestion takes place

A

Small intestine

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33
Q

The one that is usually absorbed after disaccharides are further digested by disaccharidases

A

Monosaccharides

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34
Q

Where is disaccharidases located?

A

brush border of the small intestinal villi

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35
Q

Where does the undigested food will go?

A

large intestine

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36
Q

T or F. There are a lot of bacteria in the small intestine.

A

F (large)

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37
Q

T or F. Fibers and other indigestible
carbohydrates are partially broken down by bacteria and these will be converted to short-chain fatty acid and gas (fart).

A

T

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38
Q

The stomach only does mechanical breakdown due to?

A

peristalsis

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39
Q

fluid break down product of the carbohydrate and are sent into the duodenum

A

chyme

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40
Q

mostly digest your carbohydrates

A

pancreatic amylase

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41
Q

What is in the presence of pancreatic amylase will be further digested to form oligosaccharides?

A

Dextrins

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42
Q

What will break down sucrose into glucose and fructose?

A

Sucrase

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43
Q

What will act on lactose and will break it down to galactose and glucose?

A

Lactase

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44
Q

What will will act on maltose and break down it into two molecules of glucose?

A

Maltase

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45
Q

These will be absorbed into the enterocytes in the lining epithelium of the small intestine and brought to the liver.

A

monosaccharides

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46
Q

In the liver, what happens to galactose, fructose and glucose?

A

galactose -> glucose
fructose -> small carbon units
glucose -> stored as glycogen

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47
Q

T or F. The enzymes that digest your carbohydrates will continue to breakdown polysaccharides until it becomes MONOSACCHARIDES.

A

F [DISACCHARIDES (muna) to form monosaccharides]

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48
Q

This acid denatures proteins, unfolding their 3D structure to reveal polypeptide chain.

A

hydrochloric acid

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49
Q

This enzymatic digestion forms shorter polypeptides

Under protein digestion

A

pepsin (this enters after HCl)

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50
Q

What agents in the small intestine will continue the enzymatic digestions, after pepsin, forming tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin and proteases

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51
Q

In enterocytes, tripeptides and dipeptides are further broken down into ______ , which are absorbed into the blood

A

amino acids

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52
Q

pepsin came from? it is an enzyme that is secreted in proenzyme/inactive form

A

pepsinogen (it becomes pepsin when it comes contact with the acid)

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53
Q

T or F. The absorption of proteins is through passive transport system

A

F (active)

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54
Q

Absorbable form of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

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55
Q

Absorbable form of protein

A

amino acid

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56
Q

From the blood, the amino acids are transported to?

A

liver (part of the amino acid pool)

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57
Q

If the body has enough glucose and other source of energy, amino acids will be used for?

A
  1. protein synthesis
  2. production of nonessential amino acids
  3. Synthesis of other nitrogen-containing compounds
  4. Rearranged and stored as fat
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58
Q

T or F. Excess amino acids will be rearranged and stored as fat.

A

T

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59
Q

T or f. Nonessential amino comes from exogenous source meanwhile, essential amino acids are produced endogenously.

A

F (opposite)

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60
Q

generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (neo - new) that can come from fats or proteins

A

gluconeogenesis

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61
Q

T or F. The excess protein stored as fat can be converted to glucose through ketogenesis.

A

F (gluconeogenesis)

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62
Q

How are amino acids rearranged for
fuel of brain and red blood cells?

A

glucose

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63
Q

A small amount of lipid digestion occurs in the stomach due to the?

A

gastric lipase produced in the stomach

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64
Q

aid in the digestion and absorption of lipids in the small intestine

A

bile

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65
Q

Where is bile produced, stored and released?

A

liver
gallbladder
small intestine

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66
Q

The enzyme pancreatic lipase is produced by the pancreas and released into the small intestine to break down triglycerides into?

A

monoglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol

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67
Q

the products from fat digestion and bile acids form?

A

micelle

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68
Q

digested lipids covered with bile acids

A

micelle

69
Q

What allow the lipids to diffuse into the mucosal cells?

A

micelle (becuz it moves forward the microvilli)

70
Q

T or F. Inside the MICROVILLI cells, the fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled into TAG.

A

F (mucosal)

71
Q

After triglycerides is reassembled in the mucosal cell, it is incorporated into lipid transport particles called?

A

chylomicrons

72
Q

where do the chylomicron enters?

A

lymph vessel

73
Q

T or F. The small intestine is very efficient in absorbing fat so very little is normal excreted in the feces

A

T

74
Q

What are the lipase that will digest lipids?

A

lingual, gastric and pancreatic

75
Q

Explain how bile is produced?

A

The glycerol and TAG can simulate the gallbladder when it reaches the doudenum

76
Q

What are the ducts that will join for the bile to enter your ampulla of Vater?

A

cystic duct and pancreatic duct

77
Q

Short and medium-chain fatty acids and glycerol (small products) → absorbed into?

A

capillary

78
Q

Long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides (large products) → will be reassembled to form triglycerides and to form

A

chylomicrons

79
Q

large structures with a core of
triglycerides and cholesterol and an outer membrane made up of phospholipids interspersed with proteins (apolipoproteins) and cholesterol

A

chylomicrons

80
Q

End product of stomach

A

chyme

81
Q

regions of the stomach

A

cardia, fundus, body and antrum

82
Q

semi-fluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum

A

chyme

83
Q

Protects the stomach from digestive juice (pepsin) and provides slippery surface that helps food move through the stomach

A

mucus (columnar/foveolar cells)

84
Q

Helps breakdown food (denatures protein to open up its polysaccharide bonds and destroy its 3D structure for digestion), kills bacteria and other microorganisms

A

HCl

85
Q

Promotes absorption of Vit B12 in the ileum

A

Intrinsic Factpr

86
Q

What is the specialized cells of IF and HCl?

A

Parietal cells (gastric glands)

87
Q

what specialized cell that converts pepsin with HCl and digest protein does this secretion have?

A

Chief cells (pepsinogen)

88
Q

Stimulates ECL (endocrine cells) to release histamine

A

Gastrin (G-Cells)

89
Q

Increase HCl secretion by the parietal cells

A

Histamine (ECL-like cells)

90
Q

What does D-cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin (Inhibit gastrin and production of HCl)

91
Q

Regulate GIT motility and fluid secretion

A

Serotonin (EC-cells)

92
Q

What does P/DI cells secrete?

A

Ghrelin

93
Q

Hunger hormone, increases appetite and promote fat storage

A

Ghrelin

94
Q

What stimuli will stimulate your vagus nerve to release HCl

A

Neurogenic stimuli & Distension of the stomach

95
Q

molecules that stimulate the secretion of other secretions

A

Secretagogues

96
Q

Which of the following does not belong?

Neurogenic stimuli
Distension of the stomach
Somatostatin
Contact with secretagogues
Gastrin

A

Somatostatin (not a stimulator but an inhibitor)

97
Q

Stimulate inhibition of your parietal cells
to produce HCl

A

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

98
Q

Hormone of pancreas that stimulates the release of bicarbonates (sodium bicarbonate) from the pancreas and this will neutralize the acid present in the duodenum (chyme)

A

Secretin

99
Q

Stimulate the decrease in acid secretion

A

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

100
Q

pH of gastric juice

A

1.5 to 3.5

101
Q

T or F. If the pH of the gastric juice is MORE than 1.5, it will inhibit the parietal cells to release acid (negative feedback)

A

F (less)

102
Q

small intestine is of 3 parts

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

103
Q

Small intestine: Final chemical digestion (pancreatic and
brush border enzymes are emptied here); Absorption of iron and folate

A

Duodenum (shortest 10 in)

104
Q

Small intestine:

Major site of nutrient absorption: CHO, CHON, fats, minerals and vitamins

A

Jejunum (3 ft long)

105
Q

Small intestine:

Absorbs bile acids, fluid and vitamin B12
(intrinsic factor is needed to to absorb Vit B12)

A

Ileum

106
Q

also known as capillary vessel (lacteal)

A

lympathic vessels

107
Q

Entire GIT is comprised of which layers?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propia, and serosa

108
Q

Small or large? where most of the absorption
of nutrients happen

A

Small

109
Q

further digest your dextrin into shorter molecules until they form monosaccharides

A

α-dextrinase

110
Q

converted into glucose and galactose (monosaccharides) and this will be absorbed the blood and go to the liver that will be first acted upon by lactase

A

lactose

111
Q

without lactase, what is irritated leading to diarrhea, flatulence and acidemia?

A

irritation of the mucosa

112
Q

cut the bonds inside the polypeptide chains

A

endopeptidases (endo = inside; polypeptide = peptide; ases = enzyme)

113
Q

Examples of endopeptidases.

A

о Trypsin
о Chymotrypsin
о Elastase

114
Q

cut the bonds at the terminal or carboxyl ends

A

exopeptidases

115
Q

T or F. Carboxypeptidase and Aminopeptidase is an example of exopeptidases.

A

T

116
Q

onverted into fatty acids and monoacylglycerol but they have to be emulsified first before being absorbed and sent to the circulation by the lacteals

A

PAG (polyacylglycerol)

117
Q

conjugated proteins with amino
acids + nucleic acids (prosthetic part)

A

nucleoproteins

118
Q

T or F. Nucleic acids is utilized by the body; digested, catabolized and excreted

A

F (not utilized)

119
Q

enzyme that hydrolyzes the phosphate from the amino acid group to form phosphate and nucleoside

A

neucletidase (to nucleotide)

120
Q

Nucleoside will be acted upon by tissue nucleosidase and they will be absorbed and taken to the liver, kidneys, spleen, and bone marrow in the form of?

A

free purine or pyrimidine base and ribose or deoxyribose

121
Q

metabolized to form uric acid

A

purine

122
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

5ft

123
Q

responsible for the foul odor of the stool

A

(CHON → amino acids →) indole, skatole, H2S

124
Q

endogenously produced by the action of bacteria on your large intestine

A

vit K

125
Q

T or F. The pancreas is a digestive accessory gland that is 99% exocrine (glandular cells) & 1% endocrines.

A

T

126
Q

Pancreatic juices secreted by

A

exocrine pancrease

127
Q

produced by beta cells

A

insulin

128
Q

produced by alpha cells

A

glucogon

129
Q

produced by delta cells

A

somatostatin

130
Q

located in pancreatic cell tumors

A

gastrin

131
Q

what are produced by enteroendocrine cells?

A

Secretin & Cholecystokinin

132
Q

Also inhibits gastric secretion
Production of pancreatic juice
Stimulus: acidic gastric contents

A

Secretin

133
Q

Stimulus: amino acids and fatty acids
Gallbladder contraction to release
bile and release of pancreatic enzymes (from pancreatic acini)

A

cholecystokinin

134
Q

Biochemical processes by which all living organisms sustain life; sum of all chemical reactions; require the use of enzymes and coenzymes

A

Metabolism

135
Q

Those that create larger molecules via BIOSYNTHESIS or REDUCTION

A

Anabolic

136
Q

Those that breakdown larger molecules into smaller molecules; being degraded or oxidized

A

Catabolic

137
Q

Anabolic or Catabolic? Glycogenolysis

A

C

138
Q

Anabolic or Catabolic? Glycogenesis

A

A

139
Q

Anabolic or Catabolic? polysaccharides into mono

A

C

140
Q

Anabolic or Catabolic? Digestion

A

C

141
Q

T or F. Anabolic are small molecules are assembled into larger molecules WITHOUT the use of energy (synthesis)

A

F (with)

142
Q

large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules to produce energy

A

catabolic

143
Q

Anabolic or Catabolic? Photosynthesis

A

A

144
Q

Anabolic or Catabolic? Protein to amino acids

A

C

145
Q

Anabolic or Catabolic? breaking down glucose

A

C

146
Q

Anabolic or Catabolic? DNA replication

A

A

147
Q

Anabolic or Catabolic? Electron Transport Mechanism

A

C

148
Q

Anabolic or Catabolic? Fermentation

A

C

149
Q

used to make high energy bonds with many of the intermediates of metabolism

A

INORGANIC PHOSPHATE GRP

150
Q

T or F. The high energy bonds can then be broken to yield energy, thus driving the metabolic processes of life.

A

T

151
Q

This can transferred from one intermediate to another resulting in a net oxidation or reduction of the intermediate

A

Hydride ion

152
Q

loss of hydride

A

oxidation

153
Q

gaining of hydride

A

Reduction
(catabolic)

154
Q

high energy bonds located between
each phosphate group

A

ATP

155
Q

ATP AKA

A

phosphoric anhydride bonds

156
Q

a nucleotide consisting of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar, which is attached to three phosphate groups

A

ATP

157
Q

each reaction step in a pathway is
facilitated, or catalyzed, by a protein called an?

A

enzyme

158
Q

MAJOR player in the ATP production
pathway

A

Oxidation-reduction

159
Q

electrons are transferred from one molecule to another

A

coupled reaction

160
Q

generally a REDUCTION reaction (acquire 1H)

A

Anabolic metabolism

161
Q

generally an OXIDATION reaction (donate 1H)

A

Catabolic

162
Q

 Uses hydrolase class of enzymes
 Removing water to create larger molecules
 Adding water to split larger molecules into
smaller molecules

A

Dehydration-hydrolysis

163
Q

remove water to create larger molecules (anabolic)

A

dehydrate

164
Q

add water to split larger molecules into smaller ones (catabolic)

A

hydrolysis

165
Q

The enzyme used to form glucose 6-phosphate is hexokinase (which is?) and the enzyme used to break glucose 6-phosphate into glucose and phosphate is glucose 6- phosphatase (which is?)

A

phosphorylate, anabolic
dephosphorylate, catabolic

166
Q

metabolism? DEHYDRATION reaction (remove water = becomes solid)

A

anabolic metabolism

167
Q

metabolism? generally a HYDROLYSIS reaction (add water = separate)

A

catabolic metabolism

168
Q

Molecular groups are joined using energy; anabolic reaction

A

ligation reactions

biochem (31 decks)

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