(F) Digestion and Cellular Metabolism I (lecture-based) Flashcards
1
Q
Where does the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action occur?
A
Alimentary canal
2
Q
aids the ingestion in
the mouth and digestion of food
A
Upper GIT
3
Q
T or F. The lower GIT comprises the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
A
F (upper)
4
Q
T or F. Small intestines accomplishes the absorption of water and electrolytes,
stores waste products of digestion, and
elimination with the anus
A
F (Large)
5
Q
What part of the lower GIT accomplishes digestional
absorption of nutrients
A
small intestines
6
Q
T or F. Other organs that aids in digestion includes the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
A
T
7
Q
Which secretes digestive enzymes?
A
Pancreas
8
Q
Which produces bile?
A
Liver
9
Q
Which stores bile?
A
gallbladder
10
Q
T or F. Salivary amylase is the primary enzyme in saliva.
A
T
11
Q
a sugar composed of subunits of glucose
A
Maltose
12
Q
During the process of salivary amylase, what carbohydrates are broken down into maltose and dextrins?
A
amylopectin and amylose
13
Q
What breaks down triglycerides (lipids) into
glycerides and fatty acid components?
A
lingual lipase
14
Q
T or F. Lingual lipase helps infants digest the SUGAR in their mother’s milk
A
F (fats)
15
Q
This enzyme can operate at lower pH values, action continues into the stomach
A
lingual lipase
16
Q
T or F. The relative proportion of lingual lipase in saliva decreases as we grow older, as other parts of our digestive system help with fat digestion.
A
T
17
Q
T or F. After mechanical digestion, our LIPASE enzymes are going to act on this food and convert carbohydrates by the action of amylase into smaller molecules. Then, SALIVARY will also convert lipids into glycerides and fatty acids
A
F (opposite)
18
Q
T or F. The gastrointestinal tract only includes the distal esophagus.
A
T
19
Q
This area of the stomach is around the opening of the stomach from the esophagus
A
Cardia
20
Q
This area of the stomach that is next to the cardia.
A
Fundus
21
Q
This area of the stomach is also called as pylorus, opening that goes into the duodenum.
A
pyloric ampulla
22
Q
first 10 cm and first part of the small intestine
A
Duodenum
23
Q
joins with the common bile duct before entering the ampulla of Vater
A
pancreatic duct
24
Q
widest, first part of the large intestine
A
cecum
25
All the digestive enzymes and bile that comes from the gallbladder go through these ducts to enter the duodenum and help in the digestion of food
common bile duct, pancreatic duct, ampulla of Vater
26
T or F. The Lipase is inactivated and no further carbohydrate digestion occurs in the stomach.
F (salivary amylase)
27
Majority of starch digestion and breakdown of disaccharides occur here
small intestine
28
what digestion is completed by the enzymes attached to the brush border of the small intestinal villi
digestion of carbohydrates
29
Fiber and other indigestible carbohydrates are partially broken down by bacteria to form?
short chain fatty acids and gas
30
T or F. The remaining fiber is stored in the liver.
F (excreted in the feces
31
The process of Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
Mouth -> Stomach -> Small intestine -> Digestion of carbohydrates -> Large intestine
32
All the food in the stomach goes into the? Where majority of digestion takes place
Small intestine
33
The one that is usually absorbed after disaccharides are further digested by disaccharidases
Monosaccharides
34
Where is disaccharidases located?
brush border of the small intestinal villi
35
Where does the undigested food will go?
large intestine
36
T or F. There are a lot of bacteria in the small intestine.
F (large)
37
T or F. Fibers and other indigestible
carbohydrates are partially broken down by bacteria and these will be converted to short-chain fatty acid and gas (fart).
T
38
The stomach only does mechanical breakdown due to?
peristalsis
39
fluid break down product of the carbohydrate and are sent into the duodenum
chyme
40
mostly digest your carbohydrates
pancreatic amylase
41
What is in the presence of pancreatic amylase will be further digested to form oligosaccharides?
Dextrins
42
What will break down sucrose into glucose and fructose?
Sucrase
43
What will act on lactose and will break it down to galactose and glucose?
Lactase
44
What will will act on maltose and break down it into two molecules of glucose?
Maltase
45
These will be absorbed into the enterocytes in the lining epithelium of the small intestine and brought to the liver.
monosaccharides
46
In the liver, what happens to galactose, fructose and glucose?
galactose -> glucose
fructose -> small carbon units
glucose -> stored as glycogen
47
T or F. The enzymes that digest your carbohydrates will continue to breakdown polysaccharides until it becomes MONOSACCHARIDES.
F [DISACCHARIDES (muna) to form monosaccharides]
48
This acid denatures proteins, unfolding their 3D structure to reveal polypeptide chain.
hydrochloric acid
49
This enzymatic digestion forms shorter polypeptides
| Under protein digestion
pepsin (this enters after HCl)
50
What agents in the small intestine will continue the enzymatic digestions, after pepsin, forming tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids
trypsin, chymotrypsin and proteases
51
In enterocytes, tripeptides and dipeptides are further broken down into ______ , which are absorbed into the blood
amino acids
52
pepsin came from? it is an enzyme that is secreted in proenzyme/inactive form
pepsinogen (it becomes pepsin when it comes contact with the acid)
53
T or F. The absorption of proteins is through passive transport system
F (active)
54
Absorbable form of carbohydrates
monosaccharides
55
Absorbable form of protein
amino acid
56
From the blood, the amino acids are transported to?
liver (part of the amino acid pool)
57
If the body has enough glucose and other source of energy, amino acids will be used for?
1. protein synthesis
2. production of nonessential amino acids
3. Synthesis of other nitrogen-containing compounds
4. Rearranged and stored as fat
58
T or F. Excess amino acids will be rearranged and stored as fat.
T
59
T or f. Nonessential amino comes from exogenous source meanwhile, essential amino acids are produced endogenously.
F (opposite)
60
generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (neo - new) that can come from fats or proteins
gluconeogenesis
61
T or F. The excess protein stored as fat can be converted to glucose through ketogenesis.
F (gluconeogenesis)
62
How are amino acids rearranged for
fuel of brain and red blood cells?
glucose
63
A small amount of lipid digestion occurs in the stomach due to the?
gastric lipase produced in the stomach
64
aid in the digestion and absorption of lipids in the small intestine
bile
65
Where is bile produced, stored and released?
liver
gallbladder
small intestine
66
The enzyme pancreatic lipase is produced by the pancreas and released into the small intestine to break down triglycerides into?
monoglycerides, fatty acids and glycerol
67
the products from fat digestion and bile acids form?
micelle
68
digested lipids covered with bile acids
micelle
69
What allow the lipids to diffuse into the mucosal cells?
micelle (becuz it moves forward the microvilli)
70
T or F. Inside the MICROVILLI cells, the fatty acids and monoglycerides are reassembled into TAG.
F (mucosal)
71
After triglycerides is reassembled in the mucosal cell, it is incorporated into lipid transport particles called?
chylomicrons
72
where do the chylomicron enters?
lymph vessel
73
T or F. The small intestine is very efficient in absorbing fat so very little is normal excreted in the feces
T
74
What are the lipase that will digest lipids?
lingual, gastric and pancreatic
75
Explain how bile is produced?
The glycerol and TAG can simulate the gallbladder when it reaches the doudenum
76
What are the ducts that will join for the bile to enter your ampulla of Vater?
cystic duct and pancreatic duct
77
Short and medium-chain fatty acids and glycerol (small products) → absorbed into?
capillary
78
Long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides (large products) → will be reassembled to form triglycerides and to form
chylomicrons
79
large structures with a core of
triglycerides and cholesterol and an outer membrane made up of phospholipids interspersed with proteins (apolipoproteins) and cholesterol
chylomicrons
80
End product of stomach
chyme
81
regions of the stomach
cardia, fundus, body and antrum
82
semi-fluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
chyme
83
Protects the stomach from digestive juice (pepsin) and provides slippery surface that helps food move through the stomach
mucus (columnar/foveolar cells)
84
Helps breakdown food (denatures protein to open up its polysaccharide bonds and destroy its 3D structure for digestion), kills bacteria and other microorganisms
HCl
85
Promotes absorption of Vit B12 in the ileum
Intrinsic Factpr
86
What is the specialized cells of IF and HCl?
Parietal cells (gastric glands)
87
what specialized cell that converts pepsin with HCl and digest protein does this secretion have?
Chief cells (pepsinogen)
88
Stimulates ECL (endocrine cells) to release histamine
Gastrin (G-Cells)
89
Increase HCl secretion by the parietal cells
Histamine (ECL-like cells)
90
What does D-cells secrete?
Somatostatin (Inhibit gastrin and production of HCl)
91
Regulate GIT motility and fluid secretion
Serotonin (EC-cells)
92
What does P/DI cells secrete?
Ghrelin
93
Hunger hormone, increases appetite and promote fat storage
Ghrelin
94
What stimuli will stimulate your vagus nerve to release HCl
Neurogenic stimuli & Distension of the stomach
95
molecules that stimulate the secretion of other secretions
Secretagogues
96
Which of the following does not belong?
Neurogenic stimuli
Distension of the stomach
Somatostatin
Contact with secretagogues
Gastrin
Somatostatin (not a stimulator but an inhibitor)
97
Stimulate inhibition of your parietal cells
to produce HCl
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
98
Hormone of pancreas that stimulates the release of bicarbonates (sodium bicarbonate) from the pancreas and this will neutralize the acid present in the duodenum (chyme)
Secretin
99
Stimulate the decrease in acid secretion
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
100
pH of gastric juice
1.5 to 3.5
101
T or F. If the pH of the gastric juice is MORE than 1.5, it will inhibit the parietal cells to release acid (negative feedback)
F (less)
102
small intestine is of 3 parts
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
103
Small intestine: Final chemical digestion (pancreatic and
brush border enzymes are emptied here); Absorption of iron and folate
Duodenum (shortest 10 in)
104
Small intestine:
Major site of nutrient absorption: CHO, CHON, fats, minerals and vitamins
Jejunum (3 ft long)
105
Small intestine:
Absorbs bile acids, fluid and vitamin B12
(intrinsic factor is needed to to absorb Vit B12)
Ileum
106
also known as capillary vessel (lacteal)
lympathic vessels
107
Entire GIT is comprised of which layers?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propia, and serosa
108
Small or large? where most of the absorption
of nutrients happen
Small
109
further digest your dextrin into shorter molecules until they form monosaccharides
α-dextrinase
110
converted into glucose and galactose (monosaccharides) and this will be absorbed the blood and go to the liver that will be first acted upon by lactase
lactose
111
without lactase, what is irritated leading to diarrhea, flatulence and acidemia?
irritation of the mucosa
112
cut the bonds inside the polypeptide chains
endopeptidases (endo = inside; polypeptide = peptide; ases = enzyme)
113
Examples of endopeptidases.
о Trypsin
о Chymotrypsin
о Elastase
114
cut the bonds at the terminal or carboxyl ends
exopeptidases
115
T or F. Carboxypeptidase and Aminopeptidase is an example of exopeptidases.
T
116
onverted into fatty acids and monoacylglycerol but they have to be emulsified first before being absorbed and sent to the circulation by the lacteals
PAG (polyacylglycerol)
117
conjugated proteins with amino
acids + nucleic acids (prosthetic part)
nucleoproteins
118
T or F. Nucleic acids is utilized by the body; digested, catabolized and excreted
F (not utilized)
119
enzyme that hydrolyzes the phosphate from the amino acid group to form phosphate and nucleoside
neucletidase (to nucleotide)
120
Nucleoside will be acted upon by tissue nucleosidase and they will be absorbed and taken to the liver, kidneys, spleen, and bone marrow in the form of?
free purine or pyrimidine base and ribose or deoxyribose
121
metabolized to form uric acid
purine
122
How long is the large intestine?
5ft
123
responsible for the foul odor of the stool
(CHON → amino acids →) indole, skatole, H2S
124
endogenously produced by the action of bacteria on your large intestine
vit K
125
T or F. The pancreas is a digestive accessory gland that is 99% exocrine (glandular cells) & 1% endocrines.
T
126
Pancreatic juices secreted by
exocrine pancrease
127
produced by beta cells
insulin
128
produced by alpha cells
glucogon
129
produced by delta cells
somatostatin
130
located in pancreatic cell tumors
gastrin
131
what are produced by enteroendocrine cells?
Secretin & Cholecystokinin
132
Also inhibits gastric secretion
Production of pancreatic juice
Stimulus: acidic gastric contents
Secretin
133
Stimulus: amino acids and fatty acids
Gallbladder contraction to release
bile and release of pancreatic enzymes (from pancreatic acini)
cholecystokinin
134
Biochemical processes by which all living organisms sustain life; sum of all chemical reactions; require the use of enzymes and coenzymes
Metabolism
135
Those that create larger molecules via BIOSYNTHESIS or REDUCTION
Anabolic
136
Those that breakdown larger molecules into smaller molecules; being degraded or oxidized
Catabolic
137
Anabolic or Catabolic? Glycogenolysis
C
138
Anabolic or Catabolic? Glycogenesis
A
139
Anabolic or Catabolic? polysaccharides into mono
C
140
Anabolic or Catabolic? Digestion
C
141
T or F. Anabolic are small molecules are assembled into larger molecules WITHOUT the use of energy (synthesis)
F (with)
142
large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules to produce energy
catabolic
143
Anabolic or Catabolic? Photosynthesis
A
144
Anabolic or Catabolic? Protein to amino acids
C
145
Anabolic or Catabolic? breaking down glucose
C
146
Anabolic or Catabolic? DNA replication
A
147
Anabolic or Catabolic? Electron Transport Mechanism
C
148
Anabolic or Catabolic? Fermentation
C
149
used to make high energy bonds with many of the intermediates of metabolism
INORGANIC PHOSPHATE GRP
150
T or F. The high energy bonds can then be broken to yield energy, thus driving the metabolic processes of life.
T
151
This can transferred from one intermediate to another resulting in a net oxidation or reduction of the intermediate
Hydride ion
152
loss of hydride
oxidation
153
gaining of hydride
Reduction
(catabolic)
154
high energy bonds located between
each phosphate group
ATP
155
ATP AKA
phosphoric anhydride bonds
156
a nucleotide consisting of an adenine base attached to a ribose sugar, which is attached to three phosphate groups
ATP
157
each reaction step in a pathway is
facilitated, or catalyzed, by a protein called an?
enzyme
158
MAJOR player in the ATP production
pathway
Oxidation-reduction
159
electrons are transferred from one molecule to another
coupled reaction
160
generally a REDUCTION reaction (acquire 1H)
Anabolic metabolism
161
generally an OXIDATION reaction (donate 1H)
Catabolic
162
Uses hydrolase class of enzymes
Removing water to create larger molecules
Adding water to split larger molecules into
smaller molecules
Dehydration-hydrolysis
163
remove water to create larger molecules (anabolic)
dehydrate
164
add water to split larger molecules into smaller ones (catabolic)
hydrolysis
165
The enzyme used to form glucose 6-phosphate is hexokinase (which is?) and the enzyme used to break glucose 6-phosphate into glucose and phosphate is glucose 6- phosphatase (which is?)
phosphorylate, anabolic
dephosphorylate, catabolic
166
metabolism? DEHYDRATION reaction (remove water = becomes solid)
anabolic metabolism
167
metabolism? generally a HYDROLYSIS reaction (add water = separate)
catabolic metabolism
168
Molecular groups are joined using energy; anabolic reaction
ligation reactions
