(P) Genetic Management 1 (transes/ppt-based) Flashcards
1
Q
The control point in the expression of genes and production of proteins
A
Transcription
2
Q
First stage in the expression of genetic information
A
Transcription
3
Q
Process of which the base sequence of dsDNA molecule forms the base sequence of RNA
A
Transcription
4
Q
In DNA replication, how many strands will be used?
A
2! well done
5
Q
in Transcription how many strand of DNA used to be copied?
A
one
6
Q
What is the star of transcription?
A
RNA Polymerase
7
Q
the main enzyme of transcription
A
RNA polymerase
8
Q
in Transcription, The synthesis moves in?
A
5’ → 3’ direction
9
Q
RNA pol moves in what direction?
A
3’ → 5’ direction along the template strand of DNA
10
Q
what is the PRODUCT of RNA pol to the template?
A
antiparallel & complementary
11
Q
What enzyme recognizes start signals (promoters) & stop signals (terminators)
A
RNA polymerase
12
Q
Synthesizes all types of RNA in cel
A
RNA POLYMERASE
13
Q
Can initiate the synthesis of new chains
A
RNA Poly
14
Q
What is the requirement for RNA Poly to work
A
ATP, GTP, CTP & UTP and Magnesium
15
Q
It uses DNA as a TEMPLATE
A
RNA Poly
16
Q
Does not need primers. Template only
A
RNA Poly
17
Q
What are the DNA strand used by RNA Poly?
A
- TEMPLATE / ANTISENSE /NON-CODING
- ANTI-TEMPLATE / SENSE / CODING
18
Q
- directs the synthesis of RNA
- its code is the complement of the RNA that is produced
- The DNA strand that is used as a template for RNA synthesis
A
TEMPLATE / ANTISENSE / NONCODING
19
Q
strand that has the same sequence as the RNA that is synthesized from the template
A
ANTI-TEMPLATE / SENSE / CODING
20
Q
What base is replaced to Thymine?
A
U - uridine
21
Q
If you are in this card
A
Review the visual aid of RNA Poly and what DNA strand are used
22
Q
RNA Poly that consists of 4 sabunit
A
PROKARYOTIC CELL
23
Q
What is the 4 Sub-unit of Prokaryotic Cell
A
𝛂₂ (Alpha 2), β (Beta), β’ & (𝛅) sigma factor
24
Q
Core Enzyme of RNA Poly in prokaryotic cell
A
𝛂₂ββ’
25
What is the Characteristics of
- CORE ENZYME: 𝛂₂ββ'
➢ Catalytically active
➢ Lacks specificity
➢ Transcribe both DNA
26
What is the holoenzyme for RNA Poly in Prokar Cell
HOLOENZYME: (σ) sigma factor + 𝛂₂ββ'
27
➢ required for initiation of RNA synthesis
➢ initiate the separation of DNA
➢ locate the promoter locus
➢ released after transcription begins and about 10
nucleotides have been added to RNA chain
Sigma Factor of RNA Poly in PCELL
28
How many RNA Poly are there in Eukaryotic Cell
3!
nice, vv job
29
➢ Present in nucleolus
➢ synthesizes 28S, 18S & 5.8S rRNA
RNA polymerase I in ECell
30
➢ Present in nucleoplasm
➢ synthesizes hnRNA / mRNA & some SNRNA
RNA polymerase II in ECell
31
➢ Present in nucleoplasm
➢ Synthesizes tRNA, some SNRNA &5SrRNA
RNA polymerase III
32
How many steps are there in RNA Making?
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
33
What step in the making of RNA
- The start of transcription
- Will begin with enzyme locating the
promoter site/ locus
Initiation
34
What step in the making of RNA
- Addition of nucleotides in RNA chains
Elongation
35
Step in the Making of RNA
- The stop of the transcription
- end point
- stop na
Termination
36
What is the overall movement of SYNTHESIS!
5' -> 3'
37
What is the movement of RNA Poly
3' -> 5'
38
What is the base pairing of the RNA synthesis product?
A=U, G=C
39
identifies the location of important bases
numbering in start site
40
The position of the first base to be transcribed
+1 (diko rin alam kingina mo)
41
To the left of 5’ is the UPSTREAM side
negative soign
42
The sign of the DOWNSTREAM (right of the 3')
positive soign
43
Where the RNA polymerase will bind
Promoter Site/ Locus
44
This is where the transcription is established thus will begin
Promoter Site/Locus
45
DNA sequences that provide direction for RNA polymerase are called
Promoters
46
Promoter Site in Prokaryotes (PK)
- Pribnow box
- -35 region
- UP element
47
The first base to be transcribed in PK
TSS - Transcription start site
48
➢ centered at (-10bp)
➢ consensus sequence of TATAAT
Pribnow box
49
AT sequence is separates easily
because?
2 hydrogen bonds only making transcriptions easy
50
Why AT sequence is majorly synthesis at PRIBNOW BOX?
2 hydrogen bonds only
51
-35 bases upstream from the TSS, also regulates transcription in PK
-35 Region
52
➢ The area from the -35 region to the TSS
➢ Consists of pribnow box and -35 region
→ Core Promotor
53
Upstream the core promoter, after the -35 region
UP Element :)
54
It enhances the binding of RNA
polymerase in PK
UP element
55
Region from end of UP element in PK
Extended Promoter
56
Promoter Site in Eukaryotes (Eu)
- TATA box (hogness box)
- CAAT box
- GC Box
57
Consensus sequence: TATAA, in Eu
TATA box (Hogness box)
58
-70 base pairs upstream Consensus
sequence: GGCCAATCT (in Eu)
CAAT box
59
- 40 base pairs upstream in Eu
GC Box
60
The promoter in Eu is centered at about?
-25 (which is the TATA box)
61
I FEEL LIKE MY HEART IS STUCK IN
BUMPER TO BUMPER TRAFFIC
62
IM UNDER PRESSURE
CAUSE ICANT HAVE TOU THE WAY THAT I WANT
63
If you see this card
Review first the VISUAL AIDS for the Production of Prokaryotic mRNA
64
If you see this card
tangina ka <3
65
what step in production of PK mRNA
– RECOGNITION of promoter by σ; binding of polymerase holoenzyme to DNA; migration of promoter
Step 1
66
Step in production of PK mRNA
– FORMATION of an RNA polymerase: closed promoter complex; when -10 is reached
Step 2
67
Step in production of PK mRNA
– UNWINDING of DNA (by the σ-subunit and β prime) at promoter and formation of open promoter complex
Step 3
68
Step in production of PK mRNA
- RNA polymerase INITIATES mRNA synthesis, almost always starts with a purine (triphosphates)
Step 4
69
Step in production of PK mRNA
- RNA polymerase HOLOENZYME– catalyzed elongation of mRNA by about 4 more nucleotides;
Step 5
70
Step in production of PK mRNA
- when about 10 nucleotides are added, σ factor is released and recycled
Step 5
71
Step in the production of PK mRNA
- RELEASEof σ-subunit as core RNA
polymerase proceeds down the template, elongating RNA transcript; polymerase will continue to synthesize the RNA; finally, RNA synthesis will be
terminated
Step 6
72
During replication or every addition of nucleotides, what can happen?
Supercoling
73
Job of Topoisomerase
form a nick in strand that will relax the supercoiling
74
If you see this card
stop and breathe for 10 sec :)
75
What are the 2 Types of Chain Termination?
- Intrinsic Termination
- Termination by Rho (p) Protein
76
what type of chain termination is controlled by specific sequences called termination sites
Intrinsic Termination
77
The termination sites of INTRINSIC TERMINATION are characterized by
two inverted repeats forming a HAIRPIN LOOP
78
T or F
Termination sites in the Intrinsic Termination are sequences of bases that are complementary thus, they cannot loop back
F, They can dumbass
79
Terminating factor is found in (Intrinsic Termination)
DNA itself
80
What happens when there is a HAIRPIN LOOP in intrinsic termination?
STALLS the RNA Poly
81
T or F
Rho-dependent termination sequences also cause hairpin loop to form
True, katulad ng sabi ni ariana side by side (not related)
82
The p-protein binds to the RNA and chases the polymerase , what kind of CHAIN TERMINATION?
. Termination by Rho (p) Protein
wag nang tanga nasa question na
83
Termination by P Protein
Rho factor attaches to a recognition site on mRNA and ___________ RNA Poly
Moves along or follow
84
Termination by P Protein
When RNA polymerase pauses at the
termination site, rho (p) factor will?
unwinds the DNA-RNA hybrid in the transcription bubble
85
When the RHO factor unwinds DNA-RNA hybrid in the transcription bubble what will happen?
releasing the mRNA
86
When p protein reaches the termination site, it facilitates the
dissociation of the transcription machinery
87
The movement of the p protein and the dissociation requires?
ATP duh energy
88
There is post transcriptional modification in this transcription
Transcription in Eukaryotes
89
RNA Poly in EU (Transcription)
➢ synthesizes precursors of most, but not all, ribosomal RNA
➢ found in nucleolus
RNA polymerase I
90
RNA Poly in EU (Transcription)
➢ synthesizes mRNA precursors
➢ found in nucleoplasm
RNA polymerase II
91
RNA Poly in EU (Transcription)
➢ Synthesizes precursor of tRNA, 5S rRNAs and other RNA
➢ Also found in nucleoplasm
RNA polymerase III
92
→ The RNA pol in Eu does not need ________ subunit to form a holoenzyme
sigma (δ or σ)
93
RNA Poly in EU transcription requires?
clue: THE FUCK
Transcription Factors (TFs)
94
EU transcription
Help RNA pol recognize and bind to
the promoter
Transcription Factors (TFs)
95
Before the production of the mature mRNA in EU, which type of mRNA is produced first?
pre-mRNA
96
The genes in transcription in EU unit are composed of:
coding segment → Exon
non-coding segment → Intron.
97
YOUVE GOT MY HEART BEAT RACIN
MY BODY BLAZIN
I FELL THE RUSH, ADDICTED TO YOUR TOUCH emeh
98
T or F
Exons are interrupted by introns, but both will be transcribed.
True
99
T or F
In mature mRNA, the Introns stays
F they are removed
100
EU TRANSCRIPTION
will help the RNA polymerase II recognizes and binds to promoter
regions
Transcription factor II
101
What step in EU PRE mRNA Production
- Transcription factor II will help the RNA polymerase II recognizes and binds to promoter regions
Step 1
102
What step in EU PRE mRNA Production
RNA pol II separates the dsDNA over a short region to initiate transcription & read the DNA sequence.
Step 2
103
What step in EU PRE mRNA Production
RNA pol II ends when it reaches a termination signal
Step 3 (last :( )
104
T or F
The pre-mRNA is the intermediate precursor/product of transcription
True
105
the post transcriptional modification of
Eukaryotic pre-mRNA
Processing of Eukaryotic pre-mRNA
106
If you see this card
study the VISUAL AIDS for Production in EU Transcription (medj magulo pag walang visuals)
107
EU Transcription
the primary transcript that is produced in initial formation, processing, or synthesis of pre-mRNA
hnRNA
108
EU Transcription
→ The formation of Mature mRNA occurs inside the
Nucleus
109
Processing of EU pre-mRNA
addition of 7- methylguanosine cap
at the 5' end of the pre-mRNA
Capping
110
Processing of EU pre-mRNA
- serves as Ribosome binding site
- Prevents the cleavage of RNA by
exonucleases as RNA moves out the
nucleus
- A protection
CAPPING
111
Processing of EU pre-mRNA
- at 3' end of sequence AAUAAA
Addition of poly-A tail
112
Processing of EU pre-mRNA
T or F
- The poly-A tail protects the message
against rapid degradation aids in its
transport to the cytoplasm
True
113
Processing of EU pre-mRNA
T or F
The Poly-A signal will be removed, and
Poly-A tail will be added (AAAA) which
protects the mRNA from degradation
True
114
Processing of EU pre-mRNA
how many poly-A tail here?
about 200 AAA
115
Processing of EU pre-mRNA
Introns are excised in the lariat form and degraded
Introns are removed by splicing
116
The exons are joined together to assemble the coding region when?
Introns are removed by splicing
117
▪ Are complexes of snRNA and
protein.
▪ It catalyzes the removal of
Introns
▪ splice sites at the 5′ donor site
and 3′ acceptor site ends of the
intron
spliceosomes (snRNP, or snurp)
118
Processing of EU pre-mRNA
- where it is translated to form a protein.
The mature mRNA molecule is transported to the cytoplasm,
edit: hindi ba sa ribosome ito
119
If you see this card
STUDY AGAIN the TRANSCRIPTION OF EU VISUALS!
120
carries coded genetic information (genetic code) from DNA to ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
121
➢ short-lived
➢ small amounts
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
122
➢ The 2nd most common/ abundant
➢ The smallest kind of the three RNAs
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
123
➢ Consists of a single-stranded polynucleotide
chain between 73-94 nucleotide residues
➢ It has a Cloverleaf structure
→ Transfer RNA (tRNA)
124
Does tRNA have loops?
Yeah
125
How Many loops are there in tRNA?
o 1st Loop: D Loop
o Middle Loop:
o 3rd Loop
REVIEW THE VISUALS PLEASE
126
▪ Most abundant RNA
▪ Has peptidyl transferase activity (an enzymeribozyme)
Ribosomal RNA
127
T or F
rRNA is found in RIBOSOMES?
TRUE, good job!
128
What is the percentage of rRNA in RIbosomes?
60-65%
129
What is the percentage of protein in RIbosomes?
35 - 40% protein
130
site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
131
T or F
Ribosomes consist of 60 to 65% rRNA
and 35 to 40% Protein in both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
True
132
Components of Pk and Eu ribosomes have ? and Where do they assembles?
large and small subunits, assembles in the nucleolus
133
How many ribosomes are there in PCell?
70s
134
How many ribosomes are there in EuCell?
80S ribosome
135
if you see this card
review the dildo like ribosomes visual
136
The Eukaryotic Ribosomal subunits are?
60S and 40S
137
What process the Eukaryotic Ribosomal subunits undergoes in order for them to join?
protein synthesis to form the whole 80S ribosome
138
Prokaryotic cells consist of how many Ribosomes?
50S subunits (large) and 30 subunits (small)
139
T or F about ribosomes
The “S” are values that will determine the
behavior of these particles in ultracentrifugation.
TRUE
140
if you see this card
WATCH YT VIDS OF EU and PK CELL RNA
hehe nakakalito yung prof, no hate <3
141
What consiste of the 3 tRNA?
o 1st Loop: D Loop – Dihydrouridine
o Middle Loop: Contains anticodon; will pair with the codon of mRNA
o 3rd Loop- consists of Ribothymidine (T)
and Pseudouridine
REVIEW THE VISUALS PLEASE
142
HAPPY BIRTHDAY
KICHI werk mami
