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biochem > (P) Genetic Management 1 (transes/ppt-based) > Flashcards

(P) Genetic Management 1 (transes/ppt-based) Flashcards

1
Q

The control point in the expression of genes and production of proteins

A

Transcription

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2
Q

First stage in the expression of genetic information

A

Transcription

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3
Q

Process of which the base sequence of dsDNA molecule forms the base sequence of RNA

A

Transcription

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4
Q

In DNA replication, how many strands will be used?

A

2! well done

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5
Q

in Transcription how many strand of DNA used to be copied?

A

one

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6
Q

What is the star of transcription?

A

RNA Polymerase

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7
Q

the main enzyme of transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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8
Q

in Transcription, The synthesis moves in?

A

5’ → 3’ direction

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9
Q

RNA pol moves in what direction?

A

3’ → 5’ direction along the template strand of DNA

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10
Q

what is the PRODUCT of RNA pol to the template?

A

antiparallel & complementary

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11
Q

What enzyme recognizes start signals (promoters) & stop signals (terminators)

A

RNA polymerase

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12
Q

Synthesizes all types of RNA in cel

A

RNA POLYMERASE

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13
Q

Can initiate the synthesis of new chains

A

RNA Poly

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14
Q

What is the requirement for RNA Poly to work

A

ATP, GTP, CTP & UTP and Magnesium

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15
Q

It uses DNA as a TEMPLATE

A

RNA Poly

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16
Q

Does not need primers. Template only

A

RNA Poly

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17
Q

What are the DNA strand used by RNA Poly?

A
  • TEMPLATE / ANTISENSE /NON-CODING
  • ANTI-TEMPLATE / SENSE / CODING
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18
Q
  • directs the synthesis of RNA
  • its code is the complement of the RNA that is produced
  • The DNA strand that is used as a template for RNA synthesis
A

TEMPLATE / ANTISENSE / NONCODING

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19
Q

strand that has the same sequence as the RNA that is synthesized from the template

A

ANTI-TEMPLATE / SENSE / CODING

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20
Q

What base is replaced to Thymine?

A

U - uridine

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21
Q

If you are in this card

A

Review the visual aid of RNA Poly and what DNA strand are used

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22
Q

RNA Poly that consists of 4 sabunit

A

PROKARYOTIC CELL

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23
Q

What is the 4 Sub-unit of Prokaryotic Cell

A

𝛂₂ (Alpha 2), β (Beta), β’ & (𝛅) sigma factor

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24
Q

Core Enzyme of RNA Poly in prokaryotic cell

A

𝛂₂ββ’

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25
Q

What is the Characteristics of
- CORE ENZYME: 𝛂₂ββ’

A

➢ Catalytically active
➢ Lacks specificity
➢ Transcribe both DNA

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26
Q

What is the holoenzyme for RNA Poly in Prokar Cell

A

HOLOENZYME: (σ) sigma factor + 𝛂₂ββ’

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27
Q

➢ required for initiation of RNA synthesis
➢ initiate the separation of DNA
➢ locate the promoter locus
➢ released after transcription begins and about 10
nucleotides have been added to RNA chain

A

Sigma Factor of RNA Poly in PCELL

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28
Q

How many RNA Poly are there in Eukaryotic Cell

A

3!

nice, vv job

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29
Q

➢ Present in nucleolus
➢ synthesizes 28S, 18S & 5.8S rRNA

A

RNA polymerase I in ECell

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30
Q

➢ Present in nucleoplasm
➢ synthesizes hnRNA / mRNA & some SNRNA

A

RNA polymerase II in ECell

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31
Q

➢ Present in nucleoplasm
➢ Synthesizes tRNA, some SNRNA &5SrRNA

A

RNA polymerase III

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32
Q

How many steps are there in RNA Making?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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33
Q

What step in the making of RNA

  • The start of transcription
  • Will begin with enzyme locating the
    promoter site/ locus
A

Initiation

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34
Q

What step in the making of RNA

  • Addition of nucleotides in RNA chains
A

Elongation

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35
Q

Step in the Making of RNA

  • The stop of the transcription
  • end point
  • stop na
A

Termination

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36
Q

What is the overall movement of SYNTHESIS!

A

5’ -> 3’

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37
Q

What is the movement of RNA Poly

A

3’ -> 5’

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38
Q

What is the base pairing of the RNA synthesis product?

A

A=U, G=C

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39
Q

identifies the location of important bases

A

numbering in start site

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40
Q

The position of the first base to be transcribed

A

+1 (diko rin alam kingina mo)

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41
Q

To the left of 5’ is the UPSTREAM side

A

negative soign

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42
Q

The sign of the DOWNSTREAM (right of the 3’)

A

positive soign

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43
Q

Where the RNA polymerase will bind

A

Promoter Site/ Locus

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44
Q

This is where the transcription is established thus will begin

A

Promoter Site/Locus

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45
Q

DNA sequences that provide direction for RNA polymerase are called

A

Promoters

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46
Q

Promoter Site in Prokaryotes (PK)

A
  • Pribnow box
  • -35 region
  • UP element
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47
Q

The first base to be transcribed in PK

A

TSS - Transcription start site

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48
Q

➢ centered at (-10bp)
➢ consensus sequence of TATAAT

A

Pribnow box

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49
Q

AT sequence is separates easily
because?

A

2 hydrogen bonds only making transcriptions easy

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50
Q

Why AT sequence is majorly synthesis at PRIBNOW BOX?

A

2 hydrogen bonds only

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51
Q

-35 bases upstream from the TSS, also regulates transcription in PK

A

-35 Region

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52
Q

➢ The area from the -35 region to the TSS
➢ Consists of pribnow box and -35 region

A

→ Core Promotor

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53
Q

Upstream the core promoter, after the -35 region

A

UP Element :)

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54
Q

It enhances the binding of RNA
polymerase in PK

A

UP element

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55
Q

Region from end of UP element in PK

A

Extended Promoter

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56
Q

Promoter Site in Eukaryotes (Eu)

A
  • TATA box (hogness box)
  • CAAT box
  • GC Box
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57
Q

Consensus sequence: TATAA, in Eu

A

TATA box (Hogness box)

58
Q

-70 base pairs upstream Consensus
sequence: GGCCAATCT (in Eu)

A

CAAT box

59
Q
  • 40 base pairs upstream in Eu
A

GC Box

60
Q

The promoter in Eu is centered at about?

A

-25 (which is the TATA box)

61
Q

I FEEL LIKE MY HEART IS STUCK IN

A

BUMPER TO BUMPER TRAFFIC

62
Q

IM UNDER PRESSURE

A

CAUSE ICANT HAVE TOU THE WAY THAT I WANT </3 eme

63
Q

If you see this card

A

Review first the VISUAL AIDS for the Production of Prokaryotic mRNA

64
Q

If you see this card

A

tangina ka <3

65
Q

what step in production of PK mRNA

– RECOGNITION of promoter by σ; binding of polymerase holoenzyme to DNA; migration of promoter

A

Step 1

66
Q

Step in production of PK mRNA

– FORMATION of an RNA polymerase: closed promoter complex; when -10 is reached

A

Step 2

67
Q

Step in production of PK mRNA

– UNWINDING of DNA (by the σ-subunit and β prime) at promoter and formation of open promoter complex

A

Step 3

68
Q

Step in production of PK mRNA

  • RNA polymerase INITIATES mRNA synthesis, almost always starts with a purine (triphosphates)
A

Step 4

69
Q

Step in production of PK mRNA

  • RNA polymerase HOLOENZYME– catalyzed elongation of mRNA by about 4 more nucleotides;
A

Step 5

70
Q

Step in production of PK mRNA

  • when about 10 nucleotides are added, σ factor is released and recycled
A

Step 5

71
Q

Step in the production of PK mRNA

  • RELEASEof σ-subunit as core RNA
    polymerase proceeds down the template, elongating RNA transcript; polymerase will continue to synthesize the RNA; finally, RNA synthesis will be
    terminated
A

Step 6

72
Q

During replication or every addition of nucleotides, what can happen?

A

Supercoling

73
Q

Job of Topoisomerase

A

form a nick in strand that will relax the supercoiling

74
Q

If you see this card

A

stop and breathe for 10 sec :)

75
Q

What are the 2 Types of Chain Termination?

A
  • Intrinsic Termination
  • Termination by Rho (p) Protein
76
Q

what type of chain termination is controlled by specific sequences called termination sites

A

Intrinsic Termination

77
Q

The termination sites of INTRINSIC TERMINATION are characterized by

A

two inverted repeats forming a HAIRPIN LOOP

78
Q

T or F

Termination sites in the Intrinsic Termination are sequences of bases that are complementary thus, they cannot loop back

A

F, They can dumbass

79
Q

Terminating factor is found in (Intrinsic Termination)

A

DNA itself

80
Q

What happens when there is a HAIRPIN LOOP in intrinsic termination?

A

STALLS the RNA Poly

81
Q

T or F

Rho-dependent termination sequences also cause hairpin loop to form

A

True, katulad ng sabi ni ariana side by side (not related)

82
Q

The p-protein binds to the RNA and chases the polymerase , what kind of CHAIN TERMINATION?

A

. Termination by Rho (p) Protein

wag nang tanga nasa question na

83
Q

Termination by P Protein

Rho factor attaches to a recognition site on mRNA and ___________ RNA Poly

A

Moves along or follow

84
Q

Termination by P Protein

When RNA polymerase pauses at the
termination site, rho (p) factor will?

A

unwinds the DNA-RNA hybrid in the transcription bubble

85
Q

When the RHO factor unwinds DNA-RNA hybrid in the transcription bubble what will happen?

A

releasing the mRNA

86
Q

When p protein reaches the termination site, it facilitates the

A

dissociation of the transcription machinery

87
Q

The movement of the p protein and the dissociation requires?

A

ATP duh energy

88
Q

There is post transcriptional modification in this transcription

A

Transcription in Eukaryotes

89
Q

RNA Poly in EU (Transcription)

➢ synthesizes precursors of most, but not all, ribosomal RNA
➢ found in nucleolus

A

RNA polymerase I

90
Q

RNA Poly in EU (Transcription)
➢ synthesizes mRNA precursors
➢ found in nucleoplasm

A

RNA polymerase II

91
Q

RNA Poly in EU (Transcription)

➢ Synthesizes precursor of tRNA, 5S rRNAs and other RNA
➢ Also found in nucleoplasm

A

RNA polymerase III

92
Q

→ The RNA pol in Eu does not need ________ subunit to form a holoenzyme

A

sigma (δ or σ)

93
Q

RNA Poly in EU transcription requires?

clue: THE FUCK

A

Transcription Factors (TFs)

94
Q

EU transcription

Help RNA pol recognize and bind to
the promoter

A

Transcription Factors (TFs)

95
Q

Before the production of the mature mRNA in EU, which type of mRNA is produced first?

A

pre-mRNA

96
Q

The genes in transcription in EU unit are composed of:

A

coding segment → Exon
non-coding segment → Intron.

97
Q

YOUVE GOT MY HEART BEAT RACIN
MY BODY BLAZIN

A

I FELL THE RUSH, ADDICTED TO YOUR TOUCH emeh

98
Q

T or F

Exons are interrupted by introns, but both will be transcribed.

A

True

99
Q

T or F

In mature mRNA, the Introns stays

A

F they are removed

100
Q

EU TRANSCRIPTION

will help the RNA polymerase II recognizes and binds to promoter
regions

A

Transcription factor II

101
Q

What step in EU PRE mRNA Production

  • Transcription factor II will help the RNA polymerase II recognizes and binds to promoter regions
A

Step 1

102
Q

What step in EU PRE mRNA Production

RNA pol II separates the dsDNA over a short region to initiate transcription & read the DNA sequence.

A

Step 2

103
Q

What step in EU PRE mRNA Production

RNA pol II ends when it reaches a termination signal

A

Step 3 (last :( )

104
Q

T or F

The pre-mRNA is the intermediate precursor/product of transcription

A

True

105
Q

the post transcriptional modification of
Eukaryotic pre-mRNA

A

Processing of Eukaryotic pre-mRNA

106
Q

If you see this card

A

study the VISUAL AIDS for Production in EU Transcription (medj magulo pag walang visuals)

107
Q

EU Transcription

the primary transcript that is produced in initial formation, processing, or synthesis of pre-mRNA

A

hnRNA

108
Q

EU Transcription

→ The formation of Mature mRNA occurs inside the

A

Nucleus

109
Q

Processing of EU pre-mRNA

addition of 7- methylguanosine cap
at the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA

A

Capping

110
Q

Processing of EU pre-mRNA

  • serves as Ribosome binding site
  • Prevents the cleavage of RNA by
    exonucleases as RNA moves out the
    nucleus
  • A protection
A

CAPPING

111
Q

Processing of EU pre-mRNA

  • at 3’ end of sequence AAUAAA
A

Addition of poly-A tail

112
Q

Processing of EU pre-mRNA

T or F
- The poly-A tail protects the message
against rapid degradation aids in its
transport to the cytoplasm

A

True

113
Q

Processing of EU pre-mRNA

T or F
The Poly-A signal will be removed, and
Poly-A tail will be added (AAAA) which
protects the mRNA from degradation

A

True

114
Q

Processing of EU pre-mRNA

how many poly-A tail here?

A

about 200 AAA

115
Q

Processing of EU pre-mRNA

Introns are excised in the lariat form and degraded

A

Introns are removed by splicing

116
Q

The exons are joined together to assemble the coding region when?

A

Introns are removed by splicing

117
Q

▪ Are complexes of snRNA and
protein.
▪ It catalyzes the removal of
Introns
▪ splice sites at the 5′ donor site
and 3′ acceptor site ends of the
intron

A

spliceosomes (snRNP, or snurp)

118
Q

Processing of EU pre-mRNA

  • where it is translated to form a protein.
A

The mature mRNA molecule is transported to the cytoplasm,

edit: hindi ba sa ribosome ito

119
Q

If you see this card

A

STUDY AGAIN the TRANSCRIPTION OF EU VISUALS!

120
Q

carries coded genetic information (genetic code) from DNA to ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

121
Q

➢ short-lived
➢ small amounts

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

122
Q

➢ The 2nd most common/ abundant
➢ The smallest kind of the three RNAs

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

123
Q

➢ Consists of a single-stranded polynucleotide
chain between 73-94 nucleotide residues
➢ It has a Cloverleaf structure

A

→ Transfer RNA (tRNA)

124
Q

Does tRNA have loops?

A

Yeah

125
Q

How Many loops are there in tRNA?

A

o 1st Loop: D Loop
o Middle Loop:
o 3rd Loop

REVIEW THE VISUALS PLEASE

126
Q

▪ Most abundant RNA
▪ Has peptidyl transferase activity (an enzymeribozyme)

A

Ribosomal RNA

127
Q

T or F

rRNA is found in RIBOSOMES?

A

TRUE, good job!

128
Q

What is the percentage of rRNA in RIbosomes?

A

60-65%

129
Q

What is the percentage of protein in RIbosomes?

A

35 - 40% protein

130
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

131
Q

T or F

Ribosomes consist of 60 to 65% rRNA
and 35 to 40% Protein in both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

True

132
Q

Components of Pk and Eu ribosomes have ? and Where do they assembles?

A

large and small subunits, assembles in the nucleolus

133
Q

How many ribosomes are there in PCell?

A

70s

134
Q

How many ribosomes are there in EuCell?

A

80S ribosome

135
Q

if you see this card

A

review the dildo like ribosomes visual

136
Q

The Eukaryotic Ribosomal subunits are?

A

60S and 40S

137
Q

What process the Eukaryotic Ribosomal subunits undergoes in order for them to join?

A

protein synthesis to form the whole 80S ribosome

138
Q

Prokaryotic cells consist of how many Ribosomes?

A

50S subunits (large) and 30 subunits (small)

139
Q

T or F about ribosomes

The “S” are values that will determine the
behavior of these particles in ultracentrifugation.

A

TRUE

140
Q

if you see this card

A

WATCH YT VIDS OF EU and PK CELL RNA

hehe nakakalito yung prof, no hate <3

141
Q

What consiste of the 3 tRNA?

A

o 1st Loop: D Loop – Dihydrouridine

o Middle Loop: Contains anticodon; will pair with the codon of mRNA

o 3rd Loop- consists of Ribothymidine (T)
and Pseudouridine

REVIEW THE VISUALS PLEASE

142
Q

HAPPY BIRTHDAY

A

KICHI werk mami

biochem (31 decks)

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