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biochem > (F) Carbohydrates part 1 > Flashcards

(F) Carbohydrates part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

most abundant organic molecules in nature

A

carbohydrates

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2
Q

components of carbohydrates

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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3
Q

most important carbohydrate in the body

A

glucose

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4
Q

what is the empiric for many of the simpler carbohydrates

A

(CnH2O)n

*n=3

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5
Q

other term for carbohydrates

A

“hydrate of carbon”

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6
Q

how much energy is released from 1 g of carbs

A

4 kilocal/g

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7
Q

how many percentage of our food intake is carbs

A

65%

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8
Q

T or F

Carbohydrates serve as intermediates for the biosynthesis of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

A

T

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9
Q

Carbs form a part of the structural framework of ____ and _____

A

DNA and RNA

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10
Q

Carbohydrates link with _____ serve as a structural component for cell membranes

A

lipids

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11
Q

T or F

Carbs do not form a structural tissue in plants and in other microorganisms

A

F (they do)

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12
Q

Carbs needs to collaborate with ____ to participate in biological transport and regulatory functions in cell-cell recognition

A

proteins

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13
Q

excess sugar is stored as _____ in animals

A

glycogen

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14
Q

In what form is excess sugar stored in plants?

A

starch

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15
Q

what is the sugar found in A blood type

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

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16
Q

what is the sugar found in B blood type

A

D-galactose

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17
Q

what is the sugar found in AB blood type

A

both sugars:
N-acetylgalactosamine and D-galactose

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18
Q

what is the sugar found in O blood type

A

none (absence of both sugars)

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19
Q

T or F

Every carbon contains your hydroxyl group even the one that is double bonded with oxygen

A

F (all contains hydroxyl EXCEPT for the carbon double bonded to oxygen)

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20
Q

how many sugar does monosaccharides have

A

1

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21
Q

how many sugar does disaccharides have

A

2

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22
Q

how many sugar does oligosaccharides have

A

2-10

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23
Q

how many sugar does polysaccharides have

A

more than 10

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24
Q

what type of bond connect sugar units

A

glycosidic linkages

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25
Q

T or F

all major classes of carbs based on the amount of sugar units needs an enzyme to be digested/converted into ATP

A

F (not all since monosaccharides cannot be digested further)

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26
Q

what determines the functional group of your carbohydrates

A

position of carbonyl group

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27
Q

two types of functional group based on the carbonyl position

A

aldose sugar
ketose sugar

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28
Q

other name for aldose sugar

A

polyhydroxy aldehyde

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29
Q

other name for ketose sugar

A

polyhydroxy ketone

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30
Q

T or F

Lobry Van Bruyn Transformation is an irreversible reaction

A

F (reversible)

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31
Q

Why is the Lobry Van Bruyn Transformation possible?

A

because of hydrogen transfer

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32
Q

Simplest aldose sugar

A

Glyceraldehydes

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33
Q

Simplest Ketose Sugar

A

Dehydroxyacetone

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34
Q

What are the two tetrose aldose sugars

A

Erythrose and Threose

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35
Q

The only tetrose ketose sugar

A

erthrulose

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36
Q

Enumerate the three pentose aldose sugars

A

xylose
ribose
arabinose

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37
Q

the only pentose ketose sugar

A

ribulose

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38
Q

the only hexose ketose sugar

A

fructose

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39
Q

enumerate the three hexose aldose sugars

A

glucose
galactose
mannose

40
Q

In naming carbs, what is the first thing that you have to search for

A

position of the carbonyl group

41
Q

after knowing whether the carbohydrate is a ketose or aldose, what is the next step?

A

count the number of carbon atom it contains

42
Q

what is the last step of naming carbs?”

A

add the suffix -ose

43
Q

what is the additional suffix for ketoses?

A

“ul”

ex. xyulose

44
Q

what are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures

A

isomers

45
Q

where does stereoisomers differ?

A

3D orientation of atoms

46
Q

what is the most common type of sugar based on the classification by carbon atoms

A

hexose

47
Q

in what form does most biologically important chemicals exist as?

A

stereoisomers

48
Q

what is D/L isomerism also called as?

A

enantiomers or mirror images

49
Q

what is the orientation of the penultimate carbon’s hydroxyl group in L isomerism?

A

L for left

50
Q

what is the orientation of the penultimate carbon’s hydroxyl group in D isomerism?

A

Right

51
Q

T or F

Carbon chain is written horizontally with c1

A

F (vertically)

52
Q

a carbon attached to four different groups

A

asymmetric / chiral carbon

53
Q

carbon in the carbonyl group

A

anomeric carbon (C1)

54
Q

the highest numbered chiral carbon or the last chiral carbon

A

penultimate carbon

55
Q

how many different groups should be attached to a carbon for it to be called a chiral carbon?

A

4

56
Q

these are stereoisomers with more than one chiral carbon which differ in chirality at only one chiral center

A

epimers

57
Q

what is the rotation of a dextrorotatory carbohydrate?

A

rotates to the right or clockwise

58
Q

what is the rotation of a levorotatory carbohydrate?

A

rotates to the left or counter clockwise

59
Q

Most L sugars are

a. dextrorotatory
b. levorotatory

A

b. levorotatory

60
Q

Most D sugars are

a. dextrorotatory
b. levorotatory

A

a. dextrorotatory

61
Q

specific rotation of D-glucose

A

+52.7

62
Q

specific rotation of D-fructose

A

-92

63
Q

specific rotation of D-galactose

A

+80.4

64
Q

specific rotation of lactose

A

+55.3

65
Q

specific rotation of sucrose

A

+66.5

66
Q

specific rotation of maltose

A

+130.4

67
Q

specific rotation of D-Mannose (beater sugar)

A

+19.5

68
Q

specific rotation of L-arabinose

A

+104.5

69
Q

specific rotation of D-arabinose

A

-105

70
Q

specific rotation of D-xyclose

A

+18.8

71
Q

specific rotation of Dextrin

A

+195

72
Q

specific rotation of Inverted sugar (caramelized sugar)

A

+19.8

73
Q

a specific type of formula that designates the orientation of groups

A

fischer projection

74
Q

what is a tetrahedral carbon represented by in fischer projection

A

two crossed lines

75
Q

most common monosaccharide

A

glucose

76
Q

simplest sugars and building blocks of all classes of carbohydrates, thus cannot be hydrolyzed further

A

monosaccharides

77
Q

T or F

most monosaccharides are aldoses

A

T

78
Q

most important sugar, essential energy source

A

D-glucose

79
Q

Sugar abundant in semen, it is used by sperms for energy

A

D-Fructose

80
Q

monosaccharide that needs to be converted into glucose as it is toxic

A

D-Galactose

81
Q

Disease that causes mental retardation, cataracts, and even death, hence it is included in newborn screening

A

Galactosemia

82
Q

a monosaccharide that has a structural function rather than used for energy

A

D-ribose

83
Q

most important carbohydrate present in urine in diabetes mellitus

A

D-Glucose

84
Q

monosaccharide that can be changed to glucose in the liver

A

D-fructose

85
Q

monosaccharide that is synthesized in the mammary gland to become lactose for milk

A

D-galactose

86
Q

monosaccharide that is a component of glycolipids and glycoprotein

A

D-Galactose

87
Q

monosaccharide that is a structural component of nucleic acids, coenzymes, and flavoenzymes

A

D-ribose

88
Q

monosaccharide that serves as an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway

A

D-ribose

89
Q

formed as a self-reaction when the carbonyl atom reacts with the penultimate carbon to form either a hemiacetal or hemiketal linkage

A

Ring configuration

90
Q

term for a six-membered ring

A

pyranose

91
Q

term for a five-membered ring

A

furanose

92
Q

type of linkage for aldoses

A

hemiacetal

93
Q

type of linkage for ketoses

A

hemiketal

94
Q

what is added between the carbonyl atom and the penultimate carbon to create a Fischer ring

A

o-linkage

95
Q

what form is it when the OH in c1 projects to the right

A

alpha form

96
Q

what form is it when the OH in c1 projects to the left

A

beta form

biochem (31 decks)

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