(F) Carbohydrates part 1

Question 1

most abundant organic molecules in nature

Answer 1

carbohydrates

Question 2

components of carbohydrates

Answer 2

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 3

most important carbohydrate in the body

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

what is the empiric for many of the simpler carbohydrates

Answer 4

(CnH2O)n

*n=3

Question 5

other term for carbohydrates

Answer 5

“hydrate of carbon”

Question 6

how much energy is released from 1 g of carbs

Answer 6

4 kilocal/g

Question 7

how many percentage of our food intake is carbs

Answer 7

65%

Question 8

T or F

Carbohydrates serve as intermediates for the biosynthesis of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Answer 8

T

Question 9

Carbs form a part of the structural framework of ____ and _____

Answer 9

DNA and RNA

Question 10

Carbohydrates link with _____ serve as a structural component for cell membranes

Answer 10

lipids

Question 11

T or F

Carbs do not form a structural tissue in plants and in other microorganisms

Answer 11

F (they do)

Question 12

Carbs needs to collaborate with ____ to participate in biological transport and regulatory functions in cell-cell recognition

Answer 12

proteins

Question 13

excess sugar is stored as _____ in animals

Answer 13

glycogen

Question 14

In what form is excess sugar stored in plants?

Answer 14

starch

Question 15

what is the sugar found in A blood type

Answer 15

N-acetylgalactosamine

Question 16

what is the sugar found in B blood type

Answer 16

D-galactose

Question 17

what is the sugar found in AB blood type

Answer 17

both sugars:
N-acetylgalactosamine and D-galactose

Question 18

what is the sugar found in O blood type

Answer 18

none (absence of both sugars)

Question 19

T or F

Every carbon contains your hydroxyl group even the one that is double bonded with oxygen

Answer 19

F (all contains hydroxyl EXCEPT for the carbon double bonded to oxygen)

Question 20

how many sugar does monosaccharides have

Answer 20

1

Question 21

how many sugar does disaccharides have

Answer 21

2

Question 22

how many sugar does oligosaccharides have

Answer 22

2-10

Question 23

how many sugar does polysaccharides have

Answer 23

more than 10

Question 24

what type of bond connect sugar units

Answer 24

glycosidic linkages

Question 25

T or F all major classes of carbs based on the amount of sugar units needs an enzyme to be digested/converted into ATP

Answer 25

F (not all since monosaccharides cannot be digested further)

Question 26

what determines the functional group of your carbohydrates

Answer 26

position of carbonyl group

Question 27

two types of functional group based on the carbonyl position

Answer 27

aldose sugar ketose sugar

Question 28

other name for aldose sugar

Answer 28

polyhydroxy aldehyde

Question 29

other name for ketose sugar

Answer 29

polyhydroxy ketone

Question 30

T or F Lobry Van Bruyn Transformation is an irreversible reaction

Answer 30

F (reversible)

Question 31

Why is the Lobry Van Bruyn Transformation possible?

Answer 31

because of hydrogen transfer

Question 32

Simplest aldose sugar

Answer 32

Glyceraldehydes

Question 33

Simplest Ketose Sugar

Answer 33

Dehydroxyacetone

Question 34

What are the two tetrose aldose sugars

Answer 34

Erythrose and Threose

Question 35

The only tetrose ketose sugar

Answer 35

erthrulose

Question 36

Enumerate the three pentose aldose sugars

Answer 36

xylose ribose arabinose

Question 37

the only pentose ketose sugar

Answer 37

ribulose

Question 38

the only hexose ketose sugar

Answer 38

fructose

Question 39

enumerate the three hexose aldose sugars

Answer 39

glucose galactose mannose

Question 40

In naming carbs, what is the first thing that you have to search for

Answer 40

position of the carbonyl group

Question 41

after knowing whether the carbohydrate is a ketose or aldose, what is the next step?

Answer 41

count the number of carbon atom it contains

Question 42

what is the last step of naming carbs?"

Answer 42

add the suffix -ose

Question 43

what is the additional suffix for ketoses?

Answer 43

"ul" ex. xyulose

Question 44

what are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures

Answer 44

isomers

Question 45

where does stereoisomers differ?

Answer 45

3D orientation of atoms

Question 46

what is the most common type of sugar based on the classification by carbon atoms

Answer 46

hexose

Question 47

in what form does most biologically important chemicals exist as?

Answer 47

stereoisomers

Question 48

what is D/L isomerism also called as?

Answer 48

enantiomers or mirror images

Question 49

what is the orientation of the penultimate carbon's hydroxyl group in L isomerism?

Answer 49

L for left

Question 50

what is the orientation of the penultimate carbon's hydroxyl group in D isomerism?

Answer 50

Right

Question 51

T or F Carbon chain is written horizontally with c1

Answer 51

F (vertically)

Question 52

a carbon attached to four different groups

Answer 52

asymmetric / chiral carbon

Question 53

carbon in the carbonyl group

Answer 53

anomeric carbon (C1)

Question 54

the highest numbered chiral carbon or the last chiral carbon

Answer 54

penultimate carbon

Question 55

how many different groups should be attached to a carbon for it to be called a chiral carbon?

Answer 55

4

Question 56

these are stereoisomers with more than one chiral carbon which differ in chirality at only one chiral center

Answer 56

epimers

Question 57

what is the rotation of a dextrorotatory carbohydrate?

Answer 57

rotates to the right or clockwise

Question 58

what is the rotation of a levorotatory carbohydrate?

Answer 58

rotates to the left or counter clockwise

Question 59

Most L sugars are a. dextrorotatory b. levorotatory

Answer 59

b. levorotatory

Question 60

Most D sugars are a. dextrorotatory b. levorotatory

Answer 60

a. dextrorotatory

Question 61

specific rotation of D-glucose

Answer 61

+52.7

Question 62

specific rotation of D-fructose

Answer 62

-92

Question 63

specific rotation of D-galactose

Answer 63

+80.4

Question 64

specific rotation of lactose

Answer 64

+55.3

Question 65

specific rotation of sucrose

Answer 65

+66.5

Question 66

specific rotation of maltose

Answer 66

+130.4

Question 67

specific rotation of D-Mannose (beater sugar)

Answer 67

+19.5

Question 68

specific rotation of L-arabinose

Answer 68

+104.5

Question 69

specific rotation of D-arabinose

Answer 69

-105

Question 70

specific rotation of D-xyclose

Answer 70

+18.8

Question 71

specific rotation of Dextrin

Answer 71

+195

Question 72

specific rotation of Inverted sugar (caramelized sugar)

Answer 72

+19.8

Question 73

a specific type of formula that designates the orientation of groups

Answer 73

fischer projection

Question 74

what is a tetrahedral carbon represented by in fischer projection

Answer 74

two crossed lines

Question 75

most common monosaccharide

Answer 75

glucose

Question 76

simplest sugars and building blocks of all classes of carbohydrates, thus cannot be hydrolyzed further

Answer 76

monosaccharides

Question 77

T or F most monosaccharides are aldoses

Answer 77

T

Question 78

most important sugar, essential energy source

Answer 78

D-glucose

Question 79

Sugar abundant in semen, it is used by sperms for energy

Answer 79

D-Fructose

Question 80

monosaccharide that needs to be converted into glucose as it is toxic

Answer 80

D-Galactose

Question 81

Disease that causes mental retardation, cataracts, and even death, hence it is included in newborn screening

Answer 81

Galactosemia

Question 82

a monosaccharide that has a structural function rather than used for energy

Answer 82

D-ribose

Question 83

most important carbohydrate present in urine in diabetes mellitus

Answer 83

D-Glucose

Question 84

monosaccharide that can be changed to glucose in the liver

Answer 84

D-fructose

Question 85

monosaccharide that is synthesized in the mammary gland to become lactose for milk

Answer 85

D-galactose

Question 86

monosaccharide that is a component of glycolipids and glycoprotein

Answer 86

D-Galactose

Question 87

monosaccharide that is a structural component of nucleic acids, coenzymes, and flavoenzymes

Answer 87

D-ribose

Question 88

monosaccharide that serves as an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 88

D-ribose

Question 89

formed as a self-reaction when the carbonyl atom reacts with the penultimate carbon to form either a hemiacetal or hemiketal linkage

Answer 89

Ring configuration

Question 90

term for a six-membered ring

Answer 90

pyranose

Question 91

term for a five-membered ring

Answer 91

furanose

Question 92

type of linkage for aldoses

Answer 92

hemiacetal

Question 93

type of linkage for ketoses

Answer 93

hemiketal

Question 94

what is added between the carbonyl atom and the penultimate carbon to create a Fischer ring

Answer 94

o-linkage

Question 95

what form is it when the OH in c1 projects to the right

Answer 95

alpha form

Question 96

what form is it when the OH in c1 projects to the left

Answer 96

beta form