(P) Biochemical Systems of the Cell (module-based) Flashcards
fundamental unit of the body, responsible for both structure and function.
cell
principal chemical components of the body are:
CHON
this subject is centered on the molecules that sustain life.
cell biology
T or F. Water, which comprises 75% to 85% of the human body mass, plays a crucial role in various bodily functions.
F (55% to 65%)
This type of property states that water molecules form strong hydrogen bonds with each other, which requires a significant amount of energy to break.
High Boiling Point and Low Melting Point of Water
which means it can absorb or release a large amount of heat energy without significantly changing its temperature.
High specific heat
These properties make water an ideal solvent for many substances and provide thermal stability for aquatic environments.
High Boiling Point and Low Melting Point of Water
This property is essential for maintaining stable temperatures in living organisms and allows water to act as a coolant through evaporative cooling.
High Specific Heat
which means it requires a significant amount of energy to convert liquid water into water vapor.
High heat of evaporization
The heat of vaporization of water is about
540 cal/g at 100°C
This property also means that even at lower temperatures, some water molecules will escape the water surface due to high kinetic energy.
Heat of vaporization water
As a result, water is an excellent solvent and can dissolve a wide variety of substances. This property is essential for many biological processes, such as nutrient transport and waste removal.
Water has High Polarity
weak but important force that stabilizes the three-dimensional structures of biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins.
H-bonding
are formed between a covalently bound hydrogen atom and a very electronegative atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
Hydrogen bond
they contribute to the high heat of vaporization and the unique properties of water that are essential for life in water.
h-bonding
Many processes in the body involve the presence of organic catalysts
enzymes
would help maintain the pH of the different areas of the body
buffers
solutions whose pH resists change upon addition of either more acid or more base consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base
buffers
This equation reveals that the pK of an acid is numerically equal to the pH of the solution when the molar concentration of the acid is equal to that of its conjugate base (molar ratio=1)
Henderson-hasselbalch
Determine the pH of a buffer solution composed of 0.50 Molar C2H3O2-(acetate) and 0.20 Molar HC2H3O2 (acetic acid) and that has an acid dissociation constant (Ka) for HC2H3O2 (acetic acid) of 1.8 x 10-5.
pH = 5.14 (two decimals raw lagi)
What molar ratio will produce an acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer at pH 5.0? (Ka acetic acid is 1.8 × 10−5).
1.83 = [A/HA]
You need to prepare a buffer solution at pH of 5.27. Your solution contains 10.0 mmol (millimoles) of HC2H3O2 (acetic acid). How many millimoles of C2H3O2-(acetate) do you need to add into this solution? pKa of acetic acid is 4.74
𝟑𝟐. 𝟗 𝐦𝐦𝐨𝐥 C2H3O2 = [x]
the ability of an acid-base pair to maintain the pH range of pK value ±1 pH.
Buffering capacity
T or F. In biological fluids, phosphate, nitrogen and carbonate ions act as buffers.
F (walang nitrogen)
What is the range of an acetic acid buffer with a pKa of 4.74?
edi 3.74 to 5.74
related to the concentrations of the weak acid and its conjugate base the greater the concentration of the weak acid and its conjugate base, the greater the ____
buffering capacity
play essential roles in maintaining various bodily functions such as regulating blood pressure, fluid and electrolyte balance, bone health, and aiding in cell growth and oxygen transport.
Minerals
T or F. Omega Fish oil contribute to the normal functioning of muscles and nerves.
F (mineral)
The absence of these minerals can lead to deficiencies and diseases associated with their respective deficiencies.
trace elements
hereditary material of the cell, made up of nucleotides.
nucleic acids
macromolecules made up of amino acids connected in long chains.
proteins
serve a variety of functions, including defense mechanisms, structural support, and transport of substances in the blood.
protein
T or F. The function of a protein is highly independent on its shape.
F (dependent)
molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the simplest carbohydrates being monosaccharides (such as glucose and ribose).
carbohydrates
comprises a carbon chain with groups of hydroxyl (OH) and either a ketone or aldehyde group.
monosaccharide
important energy source for the body and play a role in cell signaling mechanisms.
carbohydrates
molecules characterized by their solubility with water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
lipids
T or F. ATP are important building blocks for the structure and function of living cells and serve as membrane components in every cell type.
F (lipids)
participate in cell signaling mechanisms
lipids
an important energy source
carbo and lipids
an important chemical compound whose principal cellular role is to serve as a “ short-term” energy transfer device.
ATP
hydrolysis reactions releasing one or more of the phosphates of ATP
exergonic
small organic molecule, an essential micronutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts for its metabolism to function properly.
vitamins
Vitamins are essential nutrients that are divided into two categories:
water and fat soluble vitamins
T or F. Water-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E, and K, are dissolved in fats and absorbed into the bloodstream through the lymphatic system.
F (fat-soluble)
These vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues of the body, and unlike water-soluble vitamins, they can accumulate in the body over time.
fat-soluble vitamins
has become a growing public health concern due to its association with an increased risk of certain diseases.
vitamin D deficiency
organic non-protein compound, which binds to catalyze a reaction with an enzyme.
coenzymes AKA cofactors
T or F. A cofactor cannot work alone but can be reused multiple times when paired with an enzyme
T
enzyme alone
apoenzyme sad
It cannot efficiently catalyze reactions without coenzymes or cofactors. Indeed, the enzyme cannot function at all. If reactions cannot occur at the normal catalyzed rate, then it will be difficult for an organism to sustain life.
apoenzyme
When an enzyme gains a coenzyme, it becomes a/an
active enzyme or holoenzyme
T or F. Apoenzymes change substrates into products which an organism needs to perform essential functions, be it chemical or physiological.
Active enzyme
T or F. all water-soluble vitamins, except Vit C, are coenzymes.
T
which of the following is not a coenzyme
a. nicotineamide adenine dinucelotide phosphate (NADP)
b. vitamin derivatives
c. flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
d. nicotineamideadenine dinucleotide (NAD)
e. none of the above
e
Who said this “Everything that living things do can be understood by the jigglings and wigglings of atoms.”
Richard Feyman
are like little helpers that make chemical reactions happen in cells, and they’re really important for making things work inside living things.
enzymes
has given us special tools to explore and learn about the small building blocks of life.
biotechnology
What is the smallest level in the Hierarchy of Molecular Complexity?
atoms
State the Hierarchy of Molecular Complexity (in order)
- Inorganic precursors
- metabolites
- building blocks
- macromolecules
- supramolecular complexes
- organelles
- cells
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
made up of molecules that coordinate with one another that, to be able to perform specified functions, have become enclosed within membranes.
organelles
its function is for lipid and protein synthesis
ER
for Intracellular transport & secretion of waste products; packaging site of cellular secretions
Golgi apparatus
defense; contains acid hydrolases
lysosomes
site of many metabolic reactions; contains the organelles
cytoplasm
it maintains cell shape
cytoskeleton
