(F) Carbohydrates part 2

Question 1

The plane of the ring can be seen as nearly perpendicular to the plane of the paper with the thick lines of the ring in the diagram towards the reader

Answer 1

Haworth Projection

Question 2

Haworth projection is only possible for sugars with __ or more carbons

Answer 2

5

Question 3

this is the carbon immediately to the right of the oxygen atom

Answer 3

C1

Question 4

Where is the last carbon located for D sugars?

Answer 4

above the plane

Question 5

Where is the last carbon located for L sugars?

Answer 5

below the plane

Question 6

what is the orientation of the OH group at the anomeric carbon in relation to the last carbon atom in alpha form?

Answer 6

opposite (trans)

Question 7

what is the orientation of the OH group at the anomeric carbon in relation to the last carbon atom in beta form?

Answer 7

same

Question 8

The configuration that best represents the three-dimensional conformation of sugars with 5 or more carbons

Answer 8

Newman/Conformational Chair Form

Question 9

what reaction takes place for the carbonyl group to form carboxylic acid

Answer 9

oxidation

Question 10

this is when the aldehyde group is left intact and primary alcohol at the other end is oxidized to COOH

Answer 10

uronic acid

Question 11

when the aldehyde group is converted to carboxyl group

Answer 11

aldonic acid

Question 12

when both ends of a monosaccharide is oxidized to carboxylic acid

Answer 12

aldaric acids

Question 13

oxidizing agent for benedict test

Answer 13

copper sulfate

Question 14

what is the positive result for benedict test

Answer 14

red

Question 15

negative result for benedict test

Answer 15

blue

Question 16

oxidizing agent in tollens test

Answer 16

silver nitrate

Question 17

positive indicator for tollens test

Answer 17

formation of silver

Question 18

oxidizing agent for fehling’s test

Answer 18

potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and copper sulfate

Question 19

T or F
most monosaccharides and disaccharides are reducing sugars except fructose

Answer 19

F (sucrose)

Question 20

what results in a polyol or sugar alcohol, secondary to the gain of electrons

Answer 20

reduction of the carbonyl group of sugars / sugar alcohol formation

Question 21

most important sugar alcohol, associated with cataracts and diabetics

Answer 21

glucose forming sorbitol

Question 22

this monosaccharide also forms sorbitol

Answer 22

fructose

Question 23

sugar alcohol that is important as a diuretic

Answer 23

mannose forming mannitol

Question 24

sugar alcohol that is utilized by lipids

Answer 24

glyceraldehyde that gives glycerol

Question 25

formed through the reaction of hydroxyl groups (alcohols) with acids

Answer 25

esters

Question 26

formed by combining sugar and an amine group

Answer 26

amino derivatives

Question 27

Reaction used by the food industry and for bacterial identification

Answer 27

fermentation

Question 28

it consists of reacting the monosaccharide with phenylhydrazine to form a crystalline compound

Answer 28

osazone formation

Question 29

produced by joining two simple sugars via dehydration synthesis, forming a covalent bond between them

Answer 29

disaccharides

Question 30

what is formed when a hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combinees with the hydrogen of another?

Answer 30

glycosidic linkage

Question 31

T or F disaccharides need to be broken down further despite being water soluble because they are too large to pass through the cell membrane

Answer 31

T

Question 32

where can alpha linkage connect?

Answer 32

C2, C4, and C6

Question 33

where can beta linkage connect?

Answer 33

C4 and C6

Question 34

what is the disaccharide resulting from the combination of glucose and fructose

Answer 34

sucrose

Question 35

disaccharide present in germinating grain

Answer 35

maltose

Question 36

this disaccharide is commonly produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of starch, catalyzed by amylase

Answer 36

maltose

Question 37

disaccharide characterized by alpha 1-4 linkage

Answer 37

maltose

Question 38

disaccharide characterized by beta 1-4 linkage

Answer 38

cellobiose

Question 39

disaccharide resulting from the combination of glucose and galactose

Answer 39

lactose

Question 40

smallest repetitive unit of cellulose and can be converted to glucose residues

Answer 40

cellobiose

Question 41

what composes a cellobiose?

Answer 41

two molecules of D-glucose

Question 42

T or F Both plants and animals can digest cellobiose

Answer 42

F, humans cannot digest a beta1-4 linkage

Question 43

major animal energy source

Answer 43

lactose

Question 44

final product of photosynthesis, used as a primary energy source in many organisms

Answer 44

sucrose

Question 45

a major circulatory sugar for insects

Answer 45

a,a trehalose

Question 46

the dimer of the cellulose polymer

Answer 46

cellobiose

Question 47

constituent of plant glycosides and some polysaccharides

Answer 47

gentiobiose

Question 48

composed of 2-10 monosaccharide units

Answer 48

oligosaccharide

Question 49

complex carb composed of a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

Answer 49

polysaccharides

Question 50

molecular weight of polysaccharide

Answer 50

100,000 daltons or more

Question 51

polysaccharide that consists of different types of monosaccharide units

Answer 51

heteropolysaccharide

Question 52

the stored form of sugars in plants, synthesized through photosynthesis

Answer 52

starch

Question 53

what form are glucose monomers in starches?

Answer 53

alpha form

Question 54

what type of glycosidic linkages are primarily connecting starches?

Answer 54

1-4 glycosidic linkages

Question 55

most common type of starch that is a straight chain that forms coils

Answer 55

amylose starch

Question 56

what composes an amylose starch

Answer 56

unbranched chains of glucose, connected by 1-4 linkages

Question 57

branched starch due to crosslinks

Answer 57

amylopectin starch

Question 58

known as animal starch that is stored in muscle and liver as granules

Answer 58

glycogen

Question 59

most abundant polysaccharide

Answer 59

cellulose

Question 60

T or F like amylose, cellulose is made up of unbranched chains of glucose monomers linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

Answer 60

T

Question 61

polysaccharide that contains repeating disaccharide units of amino sugars and uronic acid

Answer 61

mucopolysaccharide

Question 62

T or F Mucopolysaccharide is a heteropolysaccharide

Answer 62

T

Question 63

most abundant form of mucopolysaccharide

Answer 63

hyaluronic acid

Question 64

polysaccharides found in bacteria, specifically in bacterial capsules

Answer 64

bacterial polysaccharides

Question 65

bacterial cell walls are composed of unbranched polymer of alternating units of:

Answer 65

n-acetylglucosamine and n-acetylmuramic acid

Question 66

formed with the combination of carbohydrate and protein

Answer 66

glycoprotein

Question 67

you reached the end of the flashcards!

Answer 67

So proud of you <3