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biochem > (F) Carbohydrates part 2 > Flashcards

(F) Carbohydrates part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The plane of the ring can be seen as nearly perpendicular to the plane of the paper with the thick lines of the ring in the diagram towards the reader

A

Haworth Projection

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2
Q

Haworth projection is only possible for sugars with __ or more carbons

A

5

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3
Q

this is the carbon immediately to the right of the oxygen atom

A

C1

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4
Q

Where is the last carbon located for D sugars?

A

above the plane

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5
Q

Where is the last carbon located for L sugars?

A

below the plane

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6
Q

what is the orientation of the OH group at the anomeric carbon in relation to the last carbon atom in alpha form?

A

opposite (trans)

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7
Q

what is the orientation of the OH group at the anomeric carbon in relation to the last carbon atom in beta form?

A

same

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8
Q

The configuration that best represents the three-dimensional conformation of sugars with 5 or more carbons

A

Newman/Conformational Chair Form

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9
Q

what reaction takes place for the carbonyl group to form carboxylic acid

A

oxidation

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10
Q

this is when the aldehyde group is left intact and primary alcohol at the other end is oxidized to COOH

A

uronic acid

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11
Q

when the aldehyde group is converted to carboxyl group

A

aldonic acid

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12
Q

when both ends of a monosaccharide is oxidized to carboxylic acid

A

aldaric acids

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13
Q

oxidizing agent for benedict test

A

copper sulfate

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14
Q

what is the positive result for benedict test

A

red

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15
Q

negative result for benedict test

A

blue

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16
Q

oxidizing agent in tollens test

A

silver nitrate

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17
Q

positive indicator for tollens test

A

formation of silver

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18
Q

oxidizing agent for fehling’s test

A

potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and copper sulfate

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19
Q

T or F
most monosaccharides and disaccharides are reducing sugars except fructose

A

F (sucrose)

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20
Q

what results in a polyol or sugar alcohol, secondary to the gain of electrons

A

reduction of the carbonyl group of sugars / sugar alcohol formation

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21
Q

most important sugar alcohol, associated with cataracts and diabetics

A

glucose forming sorbitol

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22
Q

this monosaccharide also forms sorbitol

A

fructose

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23
Q

sugar alcohol that is important as a diuretic

A

mannose forming mannitol

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24
Q

sugar alcohol that is utilized by lipids

A

glyceraldehyde that gives glycerol

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25
Q

formed through the reaction of hydroxyl groups (alcohols) with acids

A

esters

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26
Q

formed by combining sugar and an amine group

A

amino derivatives

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27
Q

Reaction used by the food industry and for bacterial identification

A

fermentation

28
Q

it consists of reacting the monosaccharide with phenylhydrazine to form a crystalline compound

A

osazone formation

29
Q

produced by joining two simple sugars via dehydration synthesis, forming a covalent bond between them

A

disaccharides

30
Q

what is formed when a hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide combinees with the hydrogen of another?

A

glycosidic linkage

31
Q

T or F

disaccharides need to be broken down further despite being water soluble because they are too large to pass through the cell membrane

A

T

32
Q

where can alpha linkage connect?

A

C2, C4, and C6

33
Q

where can beta linkage connect?

A

C4 and C6

34
Q

what is the disaccharide resulting from the combination of glucose and fructose

A

sucrose

35
Q

disaccharide present in germinating grain

A

maltose

36
Q

this disaccharide is commonly produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of starch, catalyzed by amylase

A

maltose

37
Q

disaccharide characterized by alpha 1-4 linkage

A

maltose

38
Q

disaccharide characterized by beta 1-4 linkage

A

cellobiose

39
Q

disaccharide resulting from the combination of glucose and galactose

A

lactose

40
Q

smallest repetitive unit of cellulose and can be converted to glucose residues

A

cellobiose

41
Q

what composes a cellobiose?

A

two molecules of D-glucose

42
Q

T or F

Both plants and animals can digest cellobiose

A

F, humans cannot digest a beta1-4 linkage

43
Q

major animal energy source

A

lactose

44
Q

final product of photosynthesis, used as a primary energy source in many organisms

A

sucrose

45
Q

a major circulatory sugar for insects

A

a,a trehalose

46
Q

the dimer of the cellulose polymer

A

cellobiose

47
Q

constituent of plant glycosides and some polysaccharides

A

gentiobiose

48
Q

composed of 2-10 monosaccharide units

A

oligosaccharide

49
Q

complex carb composed of a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds

A

polysaccharides

50
Q

molecular weight of polysaccharide

A

100,000 daltons or more

51
Q

polysaccharide that consists of different types of monosaccharide units

A

heteropolysaccharide

52
Q

the stored form of sugars in plants, synthesized through photosynthesis

A

starch

53
Q

what form are glucose monomers in starches?

A

alpha form

54
Q

what type of glycosidic linkages are primarily connecting starches?

A

1-4 glycosidic linkages

55
Q

most common type of starch that is a straight chain that forms coils

A

amylose starch

56
Q

what composes an amylose starch

A

unbranched chains of glucose, connected by 1-4 linkages

57
Q

branched starch due to crosslinks

A

amylopectin starch

58
Q

known as animal starch that is stored in muscle and liver as granules

A

glycogen

59
Q

most abundant polysaccharide

A

cellulose

60
Q

T or F

like amylose, cellulose is made up of unbranched chains of glucose monomers linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

A

T

61
Q

polysaccharide that contains repeating disaccharide units of amino sugars and uronic acid

A

mucopolysaccharide

62
Q

T or F

Mucopolysaccharide is a heteropolysaccharide

A

T

63
Q

most abundant form of mucopolysaccharide

A

hyaluronic acid

64
Q

polysaccharides found in bacteria, specifically in bacterial capsules

A

bacterial polysaccharides

65
Q

bacterial cell walls are composed of unbranched polymer of alternating units of:

A

n-acetylglucosamine and n-acetylmuramic acid

66
Q

formed with the combination of carbohydrate and protein

A

glycoprotein

67
Q

you reached the end of the flashcards!

A

So proud of you <3

biochem (31 decks)

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