organelles

Question 1

eurkaryotic vs prokaryotic

Answer 1

nucleus vs nucleoid
membrane bound organelles vs none
no peptidoglycan wall vs peptidoglycan wall

Question 2

structure and function of the plasmamemrbane

Answer 2

bilayer of phospholipids

forms continues barrier to regulate in and out

Question 3

proteins of plasma membrane

Answer 3

transporters
anchors - anchor cell to its membrane
enzymes - can signal
receptors - allows binding and signalling

Question 4

lysosomes

Answer 4

cells of digestion
use hydrolytic enzymes
can be used in defence (e.g. phagosome)

Question 5

perioxosome

Answer 5

digestion cell
degrade fatty acid
cholesterol to bile (reactions produce hydrogen peroxide, catalase converts it)
synthesise plasminogen (for myelin sheath)

Question 6

peroxisomal disorders

Answer 6

mutation in perioxsomal enzymes or assembly

causes fatty acids to accumulate or nerve probelms

Question 7

pinocytosis

Answer 7

taking in of small mocluels

Question 8

autophagy

Answer 8

degradation of small or large things

occurs in an autphagosome fusing with lysosome

Question 9

autophagy and gum diseas

Answer 9

red complex of bacteria
keystone bacteria required
hide in autophagosomes

Question 10

types of exocytosis

Answer 10

continuous secretion

regualted secreion

Question 11

continuous secretion

Answer 11

secretory vesicle has signal peptide which is taken to surface of cell
vesicle fuses with membrnae
no signals required

Question 12

regulated secretion

Answer 12

signals binds to surface
triggers movement of vesicles to surface
proteins are coasted on vesicle

Question 13

types of extracellular vesciels

Answer 13

exosomes
- released from endosomes
microvesicles

Question 14

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 14

network of membranous tubules
smooth  - stores calcium
synthesises lipids, steriod, metabolising toxins
rough - has ribosomes
protien sythesis

Question 15

ER diseases

Answer 15

causes by proteins being retained on the ER
cystic fibrosis
disbetes insipidus

Question 16

Golgi complex

Answer 16

stack of flattened vesicles (cisterns stacks)

modifies proteins

Question 17

movement and modificton of proteins from vesicles

Answer 17

proteins transptorted from ER to cis face of Golgi in vesicles (COPII coat)
travel to the membrane in clatherin coated vesicles
(COPI vesicles recycled back to ER)

Question 18

cholera

Answer 18

binds to COPI, activated in ER
activated CFTR channel
chloride over pumped

Question 19

mitochondria

Answer 19

matrix inside
cristae outside
can divide by fission

Question 20

mitophagy

Answer 20

process through autophagosomes to turn over mitochondria regularly
occurs during cancer

Question 21

organelle biogensis

Answer 21

expansion of existing organelles which the split off

phospholipids for this sythesised in the smooth ER

Question 22

receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 22

ligand binds to receptor
clatherin coated vesicles formed at cell surface(changes in cytoskeleton)
join to form early endosome
clatherin and other components recycled to cell surface in recycling endosomes
vesicles join with endosome and provide enzymes (forms lysosome)