organelles Flashcards
eurkaryotic vs prokaryotic
nucleus vs nucleoid
membrane bound organelles vs none
no peptidoglycan wall vs peptidoglycan wall
structure and function of the plasmamemrbane
bilayer of phospholipids
forms continues barrier to regulate in and out
proteins of plasma membrane
transporters
anchors - anchor cell to its membrane
enzymes - can signal
receptors - allows binding and signalling
lysosomes
cells of digestion
use hydrolytic enzymes
can be used in defence (e.g. phagosome)
perioxosome
digestion cell
degrade fatty acid
cholesterol to bile (reactions produce hydrogen peroxide, catalase converts it)
synthesise plasminogen (for myelin sheath)
peroxisomal disorders
mutation in perioxsomal enzymes or assembly
causes fatty acids to accumulate or nerve probelms
pinocytosis
taking in of small mocluels
autophagy
degradation of small or large things
occurs in an autphagosome fusing with lysosome
autophagy and gum diseas
red complex of bacteria
keystone bacteria required
hide in autophagosomes
types of exocytosis
continuous secretion
regualted secreion
continuous secretion
secretory vesicle has signal peptide which is taken to surface of cell
vesicle fuses with membrnae
no signals required
regulated secretion
signals binds to surface
triggers movement of vesicles to surface
proteins are coasted on vesicle
types of extracellular vesciels
exosomes
- released from endosomes
microvesicles
endoplasmic reticulum
network of membranous tubules smooth - stores calcium synthesises lipids, steriod, metabolising toxins rough - has ribosomes protien sythesis
ER diseases
causes by proteins being retained on the ER
cystic fibrosis
disbetes insipidus
Golgi complex
stack of flattened vesicles (cisterns stacks)
modifies proteins
movement and modificton of proteins from vesicles
proteins transptorted from ER to cis face of Golgi in vesicles (COPII coat)
travel to the membrane in clatherin coated vesicles
(COPI vesicles recycled back to ER)
cholera
binds to COPI, activated in ER
activated CFTR channel
chloride over pumped
mitochondria
matrix inside
cristae outside
can divide by fission
mitophagy
process through autophagosomes to turn over mitochondria regularly
occurs during cancer
organelle biogensis
expansion of existing organelles which the split off
phospholipids for this sythesised in the smooth ER
receptor mediated endocytosis
ligand binds to receptor
clatherin coated vesicles formed at cell surface(changes in cytoskeleton)
join to form early endosome
clatherin and other components recycled to cell surface in recycling endosomes
vesicles join with endosome and provide enzymes (forms lysosome)