dissection - internal structure of the heart Flashcards
major features n the right atrium
openings of the superior and inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
fossa ovalis
right atrioventricular valve(tricuspid)
features of the right ventricle
semi lunar valve (tri)
papillary muscles
chordae tendinae (fibrous strands)
features of the left ventricle
semi lunar valve
papillary muscles
chordae tendinae
features of the left atrium
bicuspid valve
pulmonary vein openings
function of atrioventricular valve
prevent back flow to the atrium during ventricular systole
function of the semi lunar alves
prevent back flow of blood to ventricles during
how would you know if valves were in competant
leakage of blood back would cause a murmur
where would you listen for the tricuspid valve
parasternal (middle of thorax)
left 4th/intercostal space
where would you listen for the bicuspid valve
5th intercostal space
left mid clavicular line
listening for aortic valve
parasternal
right 2nd intercostal space
listening for pulmonary vale
parasternal
2nd left intercostal space
what is the foramen ovale noe + when should it close
where is it found
fossa ovalis
after birth
between left and right atria
what is cyanosis
pathological condition
blue cast to skin and mucous membranes
peripheral cyanosis - blue discolouration to hands or feet
caused by low O2 levels in RBCs/problems getting oxygenated blood to body
what is the coronary sinus
collection of veins joined together (vessel) that returns deoxygenated blood from the heart tissue to the right atrium
what phase to coronary arteries fill
diastole
they are compressed during systole
coronary arteries also under lower pressure
what is the conducting system of the heart (inc. what does it include)
specialise cardiac muscle cells that distribute electrical impulses SAN AV bundle of HIS purkinje fibres
what happens if the conducting system does not work properly
arythmia
where is the sinuatrial node
posterior wall of the right atrium
near to entrance of superior vena cava
where is the AV node
floor right atrium
near opening of coronary sinus
how can arrhytmisas be treated
pacemaker connected to SA node or apex
inserted through one of external jugular vein or subclavian vein
how can you know if wires of pacemaker are in the correct location
radiologically
what can you identify on the x ray
clavicle sternum ribs scapula vertebral column
can you see cartilage on x ray
no
which chambers and vessels form the right/left borders of the shadow
right - right atrium and superior vena cava
left - left ventricle and left auricle
great vessels seen on the x ray
bulge of the aorta
superior VC
decending aorta
how big should heart be on X ray of normal patient
clenched fist
what is the cardiothoracic ratio
ratio of maximal horizontal cardiac diameter and maximal horizontal thoracic diameter
normal measurement - less than 0.5
what chamber is not seen on standard X ray
left atrium
what lies posterior to the invisible chamber of the x ray
oesophagus
what is dysphagia
difficulties with swallowing
where is the oesophagus likely to be compressed
enlargement of the left atrium of the heart aortic aneurysm abnormal thyroid gland bony outgrowth from spine cancer
sympathetic preganglionic axon
short myelinated
exit SC enters sympathetic ganglion in trunk
synapses at autonomic ganglion with cell bodies of post ganglionic fibres (sympathetic chain)
post ganglionic sympathetic axon
long to effector
starts at autonomic ganglion in sympathetic chain
where do sympathetic axons leave CNS
thoracic 1-12
lumbar 1-3
enter sympathetic ganglia adjacent to the SC
how are sympathetic axons distributed to their target organs
follow blood vessels
how do fibres reach parts that do not have direct sympathetic outflow
sympathetic chain continues beyond Thoracolumbar region and cervical sympathetic chain and pelvic chain
what muscle is the diagphagm made of
skeletal
where is the central tendon found
middle of the diaphragm
where do the aorta, IVC and oesophagus pass through
IVC - central tendon
oesophagus - muscle
aorta - passes behind it
where do the components of cardiac plexus come from and function
sympathetic - cardiac nerves from ST
para - cardiac branches of vagus nerve
influence CO, HR
trachea splitting
trache primary bronchi lobar bronchi segmental bronchi bronchioles
where are foreign bodies more likely to enter
right bronchi
more vertical, wider, shorter
wat are lymph nodes
small glands
what do lymph nodes do
filter lymph
what happens to lymph nodes after an immune response
enlargement
which chamber of the heart is directly related to the oesphagus
left atrium
which bronchi is related to the oesophagus
left bronchus
where is the arch of the aorta related to the osphagus
lies on the left side of oseophagus
how is the SA node affected by impulses
cardiac nerve plexus carries para and sympathetic input
purpose of the lymphoid system
carry excess tissue fluid back to the circualrotry system
