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Human body DEN103 > dissection - internal structure of the heart > Flashcards

dissection - internal structure of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

major features n the right atrium

A

openings of the superior and inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
fossa ovalis
right atrioventricular valve(tricuspid)

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2
Q

features of the right ventricle

A

semi lunar valve (tri)
papillary muscles
chordae tendinae (fibrous strands)

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3
Q

features of the left ventricle

A

semi lunar valve
papillary muscles
chordae tendinae

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4
Q

features of the left atrium

A

bicuspid valve

pulmonary vein openings

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5
Q

function of atrioventricular valve

A

prevent back flow to the atrium during ventricular systole

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6
Q

function of the semi lunar alves

A

prevent back flow of blood to ventricles during

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7
Q

how would you know if valves were in competant

A

leakage of blood back would cause a murmur

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8
Q

where would you listen for the tricuspid valve

A

parasternal (middle of thorax)

left 4th/intercostal space

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9
Q

where would you listen for the bicuspid valve

A

5th intercostal space

left mid clavicular line

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10
Q

listening for aortic valve

A

parasternal

right 2nd intercostal space

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11
Q

listening for pulmonary vale

A

parasternal

2nd left intercostal space

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12
Q

what is the foramen ovale noe + when should it close

where is it found

A

fossa ovalis
after birth
between left and right atria

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13
Q

what is cyanosis

A

pathological condition
blue cast to skin and mucous membranes
peripheral cyanosis - blue discolouration to hands or feet
caused by low O2 levels in RBCs/problems getting oxygenated blood to body

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14
Q

what is the coronary sinus

A

collection of veins joined together (vessel) that returns deoxygenated blood from the heart tissue to the right atrium

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15
Q

what phase to coronary arteries fill

A

diastole
they are compressed during systole
coronary arteries also under lower pressure

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16
Q

what is the conducting system of the heart (inc. what does it include)

A 
specialise cardiac muscle cells that distribute electrical impulses
SAN
AV 
bundle of HIS
purkinje fibres
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17
Q

what happens if the conducting system does not work properly

A

arythmia

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18
Q

where is the sinuatrial node

A

posterior wall of the right atrium

near to entrance of superior vena cava

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19
Q

where is the AV node

A

floor right atrium

near opening of coronary sinus

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20
Q

how can arrhytmisas be treated

A

pacemaker connected to SA node or apex

inserted through one of external jugular vein or subclavian vein

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21
Q

how can you know if wires of pacemaker are in the correct location

A

radiologically

22
Q

what can you identify on the x ray

A 
clavicle
sternum 
ribs 
scapula
vertebral column
23
Q

can you see cartilage on x ray

A

no

24
Q

which chambers and vessels form the right/left borders of the shadow

A

right - right atrium and superior vena cava

left - left ventricle and left auricle

25
Q

great vessels seen on the x ray

A

bulge of the aorta
superior VC
decending aorta

26
Q

how big should heart be on X ray of normal patient

A

clenched fist

27
Q

what is the cardiothoracic ratio

A

ratio of maximal horizontal cardiac diameter and maximal horizontal thoracic diameter
normal measurement - less than 0.5

28
Q

what chamber is not seen on standard X ray

A

left atrium

29
Q

what lies posterior to the invisible chamber of the x ray

A

oesophagus

30
Q

what is dysphagia

A

difficulties with swallowing

31
Q

where is the oesophagus likely to be compressed

A 
enlargement of the left atrium of the heart
aortic aneurysm
abnormal thyroid gland
bony outgrowth from spine
cancer
32
Q

sympathetic preganglionic axon

A

short myelinated
exit SC enters sympathetic ganglion in trunk
synapses at autonomic ganglion with cell bodies of post ganglionic fibres (sympathetic chain)

33
Q

post ganglionic sympathetic axon

A

long to effector

starts at autonomic ganglion in sympathetic chain

34
Q

where do sympathetic axons leave CNS

A

thoracic 1-12
lumbar 1-3
enter sympathetic ganglia adjacent to the SC

35
Q

how are sympathetic axons distributed to their target organs

A

follow blood vessels

36
Q

how do fibres reach parts that do not have direct sympathetic outflow

A

sympathetic chain continues beyond Thoracolumbar region and cervical sympathetic chain and pelvic chain

37
Q

what muscle is the diagphagm made of

A

skeletal

38
Q

where is the central tendon found

A

middle of the diaphragm

39
Q

where do the aorta, IVC and oesophagus pass through

A

IVC - central tendon
oesophagus - muscle
aorta - passes behind it

40
Q

where do the components of cardiac plexus come from and function

A

sympathetic - cardiac nerves from ST
para - cardiac branches of vagus nerve
influence CO, HR

41
Q

trachea splitting

A 
trache
primary bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
42
Q

where are foreign bodies more likely to enter

A

right bronchi

more vertical, wider, shorter

43
Q

wat are lymph nodes

A

small glands

44
Q

what do lymph nodes do

A

filter lymph

45
Q

what happens to lymph nodes after an immune response

A

enlargement

46
Q

which chamber of the heart is directly related to the oesphagus

A

left atrium

47
Q

which bronchi is related to the oesophagus

A

left bronchus

48
Q

where is the arch of the aorta related to the osphagus

A

lies on the left side of oseophagus

49
Q

how is the SA node affected by impulses

A

cardiac nerve plexus carries para and sympathetic input

50
Q

purpose of the lymphoid system

A

carry excess tissue fluid back to the circualrotry system

Human body DEN103 (48 decks)

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