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Human body DEN103 > muscles and joint > Flashcards

muscles and joint Flashcards

1
Q

types of muscle

A

smooth
striated
cardiact

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2
Q

describe smooth

A

spindle shaped cells
centrally placed nuclei
no pattern
2 layers - longitudinal and circular layer

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3
Q

desribe cardiac muscle

A

short branched fibres
joined by intercalated dics
centrally placed nuclei
short contraction duration

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4
Q

what surrounds cardiac muscle

A

white parts which contain glycogen stores

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5
Q

what are in the intercalated disks

A

desmosomes

gap junctions

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6
Q

features of cariomyocutes

A

involuntary
pulsate without nervous stimulation
controlled by ANS (cardiac plexus)

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7
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

visceral muscles and organs

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8
Q

describe skeetla/sttriated mscel

A

nucleus at the top
arranged in regular arrangement of contractile proteins
control of somatic NS
multinucleate, myoblast cells fuse

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9
Q

what are the layers which surround msucle

A

endomysium
perimyosium
epimysium

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10
Q

what surrounds the bundles of facials

A

epimysium

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11
Q

what surrounds facicles

A

perimysium

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12
Q

what surrounds individual fibres

A

endomysium

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13
Q

what do myofilaments contain

A

actin

myosin

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14
Q

describe myosin

A

globular heads

shafts wrapped around each other

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15
Q

describe actin

A

2 beaded chains which cross link

G actin to form F actin (polymer)

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16
Q

what happens during contraction

A

myosin pulls inwards
shortens sarcomere
myosin heads are hinged

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17
Q

what are the bands/lines

A 
H band - myosin only
A band - myosin and actin
I band - only actin
Z line - disk connection between sarcomeres
M line - attachment site for myosin
18
Q

types of skeletal muscle

A

1 - slow
2A - intermediate
2B - fast

19
Q

describe type 1 fibres

A 
slow twitch
used in posture
los of mitochondria and capillaries 
red appearance (myoglobin)
areoci metablosims
20
Q

desrbe type 2B fibres

A 
fast twitch
white appearance (lack of myoglobin)
anaerobic conditions (glycolytic)
fatigue easily
powerful movements
21
Q

descrie type 2A fibres

A

intermmediate
little of myoglobin
contract rapidly
oxidative and glycolytic metabolism

22
Q

what innervates motor units

A

single motor neurone

23
Q

what determines the amount of control of muscle

A

motor ratio

how many muscle fibres the neurone innervates

24
Q

what is graded muscle contraction

A

recruits a certian amount of motor units depending on function and load

25
Q

what control muscles

A

muscle spindles

26
Q

what are the sensory receptors in. muscle

A

extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibres

27
Q

descibre intrafusal fibres

A

send proprioceptive info to SC and cerebellum

innervation from gamma neurones

28
Q

describe extrafusal fibres

A

bulk of muscle

motor supply from alpha motor neurones inverted by defending motor pathways and sensory neurones from muscle spindsles

29
Q

what determine regulation of amount of muscle contraction

A

density of muscle spindles

30
Q

describe reflexes

A

CNS not involved
acts on ligament, muscle spindles stretched
signal to SC
motor neurone srecive impulses causing contractin

31
Q

where are synovial joints formed

A

between two or more bones

32
Q

forms of synovial joint

A

partially mobile

fully mobile

33
Q

what is found in a synovial joint

A 
articular cartilage 
synovial cavity
synovial joint
reinforcing ligament
articular capsule
34
Q

articular cartialge

A

covers inner C (i.e. articualting surfaces) for smooth movement
absorb compression
takes up synovial fluid during movment

35
Q

synovial cavity

A

contains synovial fluid

lubrication

36
Q

synovial fluid

A

viscous
contains phagocytic cells
secreted by synovial membrane

37
Q

articular capsule

A

connective tissue
double layers (synovial membrane, outer fibrous capsule)
lines all surfaces without articular cartilage

38
Q

reinforcing ligament

A

strengthen joint

intrinsic, extrinsic, intracapsular

39
Q

sensory innervation in oints

A

Golgi tendon organs (proprioception)

free nerve endings (pain)

40
Q

what is trismus

A

excess tone of muscle

Human body DEN103 (48 decks)

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