microbiology

Question 1

name the groups of microorganisms

Answer 1

fungi
protozoa
bacteria 
virus 
prions

Question 2

what are protozoa

Answer 2

unicellular eukaryotes

free living in enviroments

Question 3

forms of fungi

Answer 3

saprophytes
parasites
commensals

Question 4

life cycles of fungi

Answer 4

mould and yeast
spores
hyphae

Question 5

what do fungi have

Answer 5

external rigid cell walls 0

(chitin and polysaccharides

Question 6

what are bacteria

Answer 6

prokaryotes

no internal membranous compartments

Question 7

what do bacteria produced

Answer 7

range of toxins

Question 8

classifications of bacteria

Answer 8

cellular form

cell wall structure

Question 9

shapes of bacteria

Answer 9

bacilli
extended irregular rods
kidney bean
corkscrew
helical

Question 10

sizes of bacteria

Answer 10

cocci - single
dipolococci - 2
tetrads - 4
sarcina - many cube
streptococci - line
staphylococci - grape

Question 11

2 types of cell wall

Answer 11

gram positive

gram negative

Question 12

describe gram positve

Answer 12

one membrane
thick peptidoglycan layer
thicker wall than -
purple under stain

Question 13

describe gram negative

Answer 13

two cell membranes
periplasm (space between membranes)
outer capsule of LPS
pink stained
outer membrane has transport proteins)

Question 14

lab cultivation to grow bacteria

Answer 14

bunsen burner for sterilisation
grow in rich media
stain and drug test bacteria

Question 15

stages of bacterial growth

Answer 15

lag - adjustment period
log - fast growth
stationary - lack of growth e.g. lack of food

Question 16

how does exponential growth occur

Answer 16

A sexual reproduction

Question 17

how can genetic transfer occur

Answer 17

conjugation
transformation
transposons
horizontal gene transfer

Question 18

how does conjugation occur

Answer 18

transfer of DNA down sex pilus

Question 19

transformation

Answer 19

natural uptake from environment

Question 20

transposons

Answer 20

jumping gnes

Question 21

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 21

genes swapped between bacteria and within populationsn

Question 22

types of bacterial metabolism

Answer 22

autotrophs

heterotrophs

Question 23

where can heterotrophs get their food from

Answer 23

carbon source
nitrogen source
terminal electron acceptor

Question 24

what are pathogens

Answer 24

disease causing bacteria

Question 25

what are opportunistic pathogens

Answer 25

commensals that can sometimes cause disease

Question 26

what are commensals

Answer 26

unseen hordes which live harmlessly

Question 27

how do bacteria move

Answer 27

via flagella or pili

Question 28

what can bacteria use for environmental sruvivial

Answer 28

endospores

Question 29

structure of viruses

Answer 29

nucleic acid in proteinaceous capsid
proteins on surface
lipid coat

Question 30

virus which attack bacteria only

Answer 30

bacteriophage

Question 31

what is the lytic life cycle

Answer 31

virus binds and uncoats
protein shared
enzymes in genome of cell makes new virus particles
released or remains in the cell

Question 32

what is viral latency

Answer 32

infection without lytic life cycle

Question 33

what is latent infection

Answer 33

virus hides in nerve ganglion
when rundown
symptoms can occur

Question 34

what do latent infections do

Answer 34

incorporate into genome or

reside in cells in active state

Question 35

what is a prion

Answer 35

protein that causes disease

Question 36

how do prions work

Answer 36

normal PrPc covered to rogue PrPSC
aggregate into long fibres in brain
affects proteins involved with neurotransmission

Question 37

describe candida (fungo) in the mouth

Answer 37

white patches which grow on throat

candida cells firkin and epithelial cells