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Human body DEN103 > adaptive immune response > Flashcards

adaptive immune response Flashcards

1
Q

what does adaptive immunity require

A

lymphocytes/antibodies

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2
Q

why is active immunity needed

A

some microbes can evade innate
intracellular viruses/bacteria hide from innate
need memory to specific antigen

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3
Q

T cells evolution

A

mature in thymus

circulate to secondary lympoind

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4
Q

B cells evolution

A

mature in the bone marrow

circualte to secondary lympoid

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5
Q

name antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic
macrophages
B cells

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6
Q

APC evolution

A

mature in bone marrow
circulated to tissue
(then secondary if activated)

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7
Q

what are secondary lympoids

A

sleep
lymph nodes
MALT

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8
Q

what does cell mediated immunity requrie

A

antigen presenting cells
T cells
MHC(major histocompatibilty complex)
intrinsic/extrinsic antigen

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9
Q

what do T lymphocytes respond to (T cell receptor)

A

intracellular presented antigens (not soluble antigens)

antigens with complex with MHC

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10
Q

what happens to self recognising T cells

A

destroyed in foetal thymus

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11
Q

T cell receptor structure

A

heterodimers

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12
Q

what happens for T cell receptor to match with foriegn antigen

A

infected cell has viral protein
viral protein is broken down into peptide
peptide is displayed by MHC moleucle
T cell with TCR has the shape to match peptide with MHC

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13
Q

what is major histocompatibility complex coded from

A

human leukocyte antigen genes

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14
Q

what are the different types of MHC and where are they found

A

MHC 1 - on all nucleuted cells
MHC II - only on antigen presenting cells
MHC III - codes for complement proteins

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15
Q

MHC I and II structures

A

I - 3 domains with extra domain

2 - tetradimer

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16
Q

how do APC display Ag

A

bug detected by receptors
internalised into phagosome
small part is displayed with MHC II

17
Q

T cell Ag recognition and activation

A

T cell receptor binds to antigen on APC

CD4 or CD8 also binds to the MHC II molecules

18
Q

what are T cells before activation

A

naive T cells

19
Q

what happens after T cells are acivated

A

receptors dimerase
phosphorylaton inside T cells
leads to excitability
secretes interleukin 2

20
Q

what causes further stimulation after T cell acitbation

A

IL 2 binds to IL2R

21
Q

what does stimulation of T cells lead to

A

clonal expansion
differentiation
effector functions memory

22
Q

what can a naive T cell form

A

cytotoxic T cell
T helper 1
T helper 2

23
Q

how is Th1 produced and what does it do

A

high levels of IL12

helps macrophages

24
Q

how is Th2 produced and purpose

A

low levels of IL 12

antibody production

25
Q

series of how T cells are activated

A

endothelial cell becomes infected
virus displayed by MHC I on cell
naive T cell with correct TCR will regonise and bind
niave T cell activated as cytotoxic T cell
clonal expansion and movement around body

26
Q

how do T cells kill cells

A

secrete performs and granulysin

27
Q

explain Th1 activation

A 
bacterium taken into phagosome
material displayed with MHC II
high IL 12 T cell to Th1 cell
clonal expansion
Th1 secretes toxic molecules to indirectly kill cell
28
Q

what does Th1 secrete

A

interfering gamma (protects cells around the virus and activates macrophages)

29
Q

what do B cells express

A

membrane bound Ig

30
Q

where are B cells that recognise self killed

A

bone marrow

31
Q

how does a B cell work present the antibody????

A

antibody bound to B cell via FC receptor
binds antigen which recognises Ab by shape
phagocytosis
presented to T cell??

32
Q

how do T cells help B cells

A

APC cell presents to naive T cells
low IL 12 grt primed Th2
bind with B cell with same antigen
Th2 secretes cytokines - B clonal expands
B cell differentiates to plasma cells and memory B cells

33
Q

how have B cells captured antibodies

A

mIgR on surface

34
Q

B cell activation summary

A

binding of Ag activates cell
go to lymph nodes (proliferate and differentiate)
plasma cells secrete Ab of same specificity but are IgM
later turn to IgG

35
Q

what do antibodies do

A

neutralise toxins once bound to AS of enzymes
bind and increase opsonisation
activate complement

36
Q

how are vaccines created

A

purified bacteria placed with formalin

37
Q

what does formalin do to bacterium

A

loss of toxicity but not epitaphs (shape)

Human body DEN103 (48 decks)

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