adaptive immune response

Question 1

what does adaptive immunity require

Answer 1

lymphocytes/antibodies

Question 2

why is active immunity needed

Answer 2

some microbes can evade innate
intracellular viruses/bacteria hide from innate
need memory to specific antigen

Question 3

T cells evolution

Answer 3

mature in thymus

circulate to secondary lympoind

Question 4

B cells evolution

Answer 4

mature in the bone marrow

circualte to secondary lympoid

Question 5

name antigen presenting cells

Answer 5

dendritic
macrophages
B cells

Question 6

APC evolution

Answer 6

mature in bone marrow
circulated to tissue
(then secondary if activated)

Question 7

what are secondary lympoids

Answer 7

sleep
lymph nodes
MALT

Question 8

what does cell mediated immunity requrie

Answer 8

antigen presenting cells
T cells
MHC(major histocompatibilty complex)
intrinsic/extrinsic antigen

Question 9

what do T lymphocytes respond to (T cell receptor)

Answer 9

intracellular presented antigens (not soluble antigens)

antigens with complex with MHC

Question 10

what happens to self recognising T cells

Answer 10

destroyed in foetal thymus

Question 11

T cell receptor structure

Answer 11

heterodimers

Question 12

what happens for T cell receptor to match with foriegn antigen

Answer 12

infected cell has viral protein
viral protein is broken down into peptide
peptide is displayed by MHC moleucle
T cell with TCR has the shape to match peptide with MHC

Question 13

what is major histocompatibility complex coded from

Answer 13

human leukocyte antigen genes

Question 14

what are the different types of MHC and where are they found

Answer 14

MHC 1 - on all nucleuted cells
MHC II - only on antigen presenting cells
MHC III - codes for complement proteins

Question 15

MHC I and II structures

Answer 15

I - 3 domains with extra domain

2 - tetradimer

Question 16

how do APC display Ag

Answer 16

bug detected by receptors
internalised into phagosome
small part is displayed with MHC II

Question 17

T cell Ag recognition and activation

Answer 17

T cell receptor binds to antigen on APC

CD4 or CD8 also binds to the MHC II molecules

Question 18

what are T cells before activation

Answer 18

naive T cells

Question 19

what happens after T cells are acivated

Answer 19

receptors dimerase
phosphorylaton inside T cells
leads to excitability
secretes interleukin 2

Question 20

what causes further stimulation after T cell acitbation

Answer 20

IL 2 binds to IL2R

Question 21

what does stimulation of T cells lead to

Answer 21

clonal expansion
differentiation
effector functions memory

Question 22

what can a naive T cell form

Answer 22

cytotoxic T cell
T helper 1
T helper 2

Question 23

how is Th1 produced and what does it do

Answer 23

high levels of IL12

helps macrophages

Question 24

how is Th2 produced and purpose

Answer 24

low levels of IL 12

antibody production

Question 25

series of how T cells are activated

Answer 25

endothelial cell becomes infected virus displayed by MHC I on cell naive T cell with correct TCR will regonise and bind niave T cell activated as cytotoxic T cell clonal expansion and movement around body

Question 26

how do T cells kill cells

Answer 26

secrete performs and granulysin

Question 27

explain Th1 activation

Answer 27

``` bacterium taken into phagosome material displayed with MHC II high IL 12 T cell to Th1 cell clonal expansion Th1 secretes toxic molecules to indirectly kill cell ```

Question 28

what does Th1 secrete

Answer 28

interfering gamma (protects cells around the virus and activates macrophages)

Question 29

what do B cells express

Answer 29

membrane bound Ig

Question 30

where are B cells that recognise self killed

Answer 30

bone marrow

Question 31

how does a B cell work present the antibody????

Answer 31

antibody bound to B cell via FC receptor binds antigen which recognises Ab by shape phagocytosis presented to T cell??

Question 32

how do T cells help B cells

Answer 32

APC cell presents to naive T cells low IL 12 grt primed Th2 bind with B cell with same antigen Th2 secretes cytokines - B clonal expands B cell differentiates to plasma cells and memory B cells

Question 33

how have B cells captured antibodies

Answer 33

mIgR on surface

Question 34

B cell activation summary

Answer 34

binding of Ag activates cell go to lymph nodes (proliferate and differentiate) plasma cells secrete Ab of same specificity but are IgM later turn to IgG

Question 35

what do antibodies do

Answer 35

neutralise toxins once bound to AS of enzymes bind and increase opsonisation activate complement

Question 36

how are vaccines created

Answer 36

purified bacteria placed with formalin

Question 37

what does formalin do to bacterium

Answer 37

loss of toxicity but not epitaphs (shape)